Final assignment evaluation of psychology

Out of 40 points

1. Short answer questions (5 points for each question, 20 points in total)

1. Briefly describe the main factors affecting problem solving.

A: Interference from irrelevant information? Functional fixation? Cardiac localization? Unnecessary restrictions.

2. Briefly describe the stage of language production.

A: Choose the meaning stage? What is the generation stage of syntactic structure? The stage of language production? Movement stage

3. Characteristics of motivation.

A: Dynamic directionality, intensity, persistence and concealment.

4. The viewpoint of contemporary psychology.

A: A biological point of view? Psychodynamic view? Behaviorist point of view? Humanistic view? Cognitive view? Evolutionary view? Cultural perspective.

Second, the essay questions (each question 10 points, a total of 20 points)

1. What are the main research methods of psychology? After studying, what's your new understanding of "Psychology is an experimental science"?

A: From the perspective of exploring the relationship between things, psychological research methods mainly include experimental research and descriptive research. From the degree of operating and controlling variables, psychological research methods can be divided into true experimental method, quasi-experimental method and non-experimental method. There are many methods of psychological research. But there are four basic methods: observation, experiment, investigation and testing.

First, observation. Observation is a method to systematically observe, record and analyze people's behavior in natural situations or preset situations in order to obtain the laws of their psychological activities. When using the observation method, the relationship between the observer and the observed has two ways: 1, participating in the observer? An observer is a member of the observed activity. 2. Non-participating observers? Observers do not participate in the activities of the observed. No matter which way you take, in principle, you can't let the observed people find out that their activities are being observed by others, otherwise their behavior will be affected. Observation is a direct understanding of the observed behavior? So you can collect first-hand information. These collected data must be accurate and representative, so how to avoid the subjective speculation and prejudice of observers is the key to using observation method. Observation should be a purposeful and planned observation and record of people's psychological characteristics in activities, so as to scientifically explain the reasons for behavior. The advantage of observation method is to keep the natural expression and objectivity of the observed object, and the obtained data is more real. The disadvantage of observation method is that the observer is in a passive position and can only passively wait for some behaviors of the observed, which is a slow process.

Second, the experimental method. Experimental method is the most widely used method in scientific research and the main method in psychological research. Experimental method refers to artificially and purposefully controlling and changing certain conditions, so that subjects can produce some psychological phenomenon to be studied, and then conduct analysis and research? In order to get the cause of psychological phenomenon or the result of behavioral regularity. Three variables must be considered when conducting experimental research. 1, independent variable? A stimulating situation or experimental situation arranged by the experimenter. 2. Dependent variable? The variables that the experimenter is scheduled to observe and record are the real objects that the experimenter wants to study. 3. Control variables? Variables other than experimental variables that may affect the experimental results. The main purpose of experimental method is to explore the internal relationship between independent variables and dependent variables in controlled situations. There are two experimental methods: natural experimental method and laboratory experimental method.

Third, the investigation method. The research method of asking respondents to answer their thoughts or practices on a certain question, so as to analyze and speculate on the psychological tendency of this group. Although it is aimed at individuals, its purpose is to analyze and speculate the overall psychological trend of social groups with the help of many individuals' reflections. The survey methods are divided into questionnaire and interview.

Fourth, test methods. The method of quantitative research on individual psychological characteristics with standardized scale. Usually used to determine the existence level of some psychological qualities of subjects. Test method is the main tool to quantitatively study individual psychological characteristics and behavior performance? It has a wide range of applications. The above four psychological research methods have their own advantages, but at the same time they all have certain limitations. Because people's psychology is ever-changing, psychological activities are very complicated. Therefore, the study of people's psychological phenomena can not be based on a certain method, but should choose a variety of methods to complement each other according to the actual needs of research. As an experimental scientific research method, it occupies a particularly important position in the development of psychology. The research methods of the formation of the main schools of modern psychology have their specific influences, functions and limitations in history. Reviewing and comparing the evolution of psychological research methods from an objective and developmental perspective is of positive significance for analyzing, evaluating and improving various methods used in current psychological research and improving the research level. Psychologists are rethinking how to build a comprehensive, systematic, operable and predictable psychological research method system, and modern scientific theories and concepts should be further introduced in this respect.

2. Comments on the four bottleneck models of attention.

A: Since 1960s, psychologists have done a lot of research on the function of attentional choice and put forward a series of theoretical models. ⑴ filtering theory: 1958, British psychologist broadbent put forward a theory to explain the selective function of attention, namely filtering theory, according to the experimental results of binaural listening. Theoretically, the ability of the nervous system to process information is limited, and it is impossible to process all sensory stimuli. When information enters the nervous system through various sensory channels, it first goes through a filtering mechanism. Only a part of information can be further processed through this mechanism, while other information is blocked from it and completely lost. ⑵ The subtraction theory was put forward by Trisman, who thought that when information passed through the filtering device, the information that was not noticed or followed only weakened in intensity and did not disappear completely. Trisman pointed out that the activation thresholds of different stimuli are different, and some stimuli are of great significance to people. For example, their own names, their activation threshold is low and easy to activate. When they appear in non-following channels, they are easily accepted by people. ⑶ Periodic selection theory. Deutsch and others proposed it, and it was improved by Norman. Theoretically, all the input information has been fully analyzed before entering the filtering or attenuation device, and then it enters the filtering or attenuation device, so the selection of information occurs in the reaction stage in the later stage of processing. (4) Stage selection theory. The flexible model proposed by Johnston et al. holds that the selection process may occur in different processing stages. The main assumptions are as follows: ① The more processing stages before selection, the more cognitive processing resources are needed. (2) The selection stage depends on the current task requirements. Among several attention selection theories, filtering theory, attenuation theory and late selection theory all believe that the process of attention selection occurs at a certain stage of information processing. However, both filtering theory and attenuation theory claim that the capacity of human information processing system is limited, and both believe that selection occurs before the information is completely processed, and only the selected information can be further processed. However, the late selection theory holds that the choice of information occurs in the late reaction stage of processing. The theory of multiple robbery selection holds that the selection process may occur in different processing stages.