The focus of the self-taught examination of foreign literature history is 1. Ancient Greece and Rome are the cradles of European culture. Engels said: "Without the foundation laid by Greek culture and Roman Empire, there would be no modern Europe."
2. Ancient Greece is located in the northeast of the Mediterranean, including the end of the Balkan Peninsula (that is, the Greek Peninsula), hundreds of islands in the Aegean Sea and the west coast of Asia Minor. Before 12 century BC, slave countries had appeared in Crete in the Mediterranean and Mycenae in the Greek peninsula, and their cultures were quite developed, which was called "Crete-Mycenae culture" in history. (Geographical location, characteristics, culture)
3. The earliest literary works in ancient Greece are two epics-Ilion and Ode. According to legend, these two works were written by the poet Homer, so they are also called "Homer Epics". The core of Homer's problem is the author and formation of epic. 1at the end of the 8th century1at the beginning of the 9th century, German scholars Wolff and Rahman put forward the theory of short songs, while other German scholars, such as Nicky, insisted on the theory of unity, and Herman put forward the basic core theory.
Illion is about the Trojan War. Greek coach Agamemnon, the main general Achilles. Hecktor, commander of Troy.
Odysseus' hero is Odysseus, the mastermind of the Trojan horse project. This epic tells the story of his wandering at sea on his way back from Troas. His wife Penelope and his son Tremaco.
4. The origin of ancient Greek drama: It developed from Dionysus Festival. Dionysus was Dionysus, and was also regarded as the God of Nature by the Greeks.
5. The artistic form of Greek tragedy: the elements of drama and the lyric elements of chorus are always two indispensable parts of tragedy.
6. The main tragic writers in ancient Greece: Aeschylus, Sophocles and euripides, who are also called the three major tragic poets in history.
7. aristophanes was called "the father of comedy" by Engels. Cloud, Frog, Ahanai and other works.
8. Church rule and church literature: The basic ideological characteristics of European feudal society are: Christianity occupies an absolute dominant position in culture, education, philosophy, literature and art and even the whole spiritual field; Christianity became the pillar of European feudalism. 1405, the eastern and western factions of Christianity split, and the western faction was called Catholicism. The main weapon of the ideological rule of the church is the Bible. The Bible is divided into the Old Testament and the New Testament (the New Testament is the most important in western church literature and the Old Testament is the most important in the East).
9. People's Heroic Epics: The main achievements of people's literature in the early Middle Ages were heroic epics of people of all ethnic groups, such as Song of Hildebrandt by Germans, Beowulf by Anglo-Saxons, Eda and Sakya by Icelanders. "Eda" completely preserves the oldest myths, legends and heroic epics of the Nordic people. It is the only remaining pagan work in European literature, and records the Nordic mythology in the form of poetry. Sakya is a prose narrative literature.
10, Heroic Epic and Folk Ballads: French Song of Roland, Spanish poema de mio cid, German Song of Nibelungen, Russian Igor Expedition are four major historical books. Among them, Song of Roland is the most famous. The Ballad of Robin Hood is a group of works praising Robin Hood.
12. The story of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table is a common theme in knight's narrative poems. The most famous knights are Lancelot, Grice, Grande and Cheryl, the protector of the Holy Grail. The most famous writer who described arthurian legend was the French poet Chretien de Troya. His masterpiece Lancelot.
13, urban literature: the main forms of urban literature are verse stories, satirical narrative poems and fable poems. Rhyme story (also known as "joke") is a short and pithy poetic story. The Will of the Donkey. The representative work of satirical narrative poetry is The Legend of Lena Fox in France. Another representative work of civic literature is The Legend of the Rose in France. Rutebov and Wei Yong are famous citizen poets.
14, Engels commented on Dante, "He was the last poet in the Middle Ages and the first poet in the new era."
15, Dante was born in a small aristocratic family in Florence. "New Life" was written by Beya Trizzi, with a total of 3 1 songs, which are connected in series with beautiful prose. The poetry in New Life belongs to the "gentle new style" school.
16, Dante's academic works "Eat" and "On Common Saying" (both of them have not been finished). On Common sayings is not only a linguistic work, but also an aesthetic work.
17, The Divine Comedy originally meant "Holy Comedy" in Italian. Dante only named his works "Comedy" and "Divine Comedy", with a total of 14233 lines, which are divided into three parts: hell, purgatory and heaven. Dante followed Virgil to hell and purgatory first. Under Virgil's leadership, thousands of people went to heaven layer by layer. Then Virgil suddenly disappeared, Xiangyun appeared in the sky, and Beya Trizzi appeared in Yue Xian's voice. The saint took him to heaven. (two guides)
18, Italian humanistic thought has been fully revealed in Dante's works. By the second half of the14th century, two pioneers of humanistic movement appeared in Florence, Dante's hometown-Petrarch and Boccaccio.
19, Italian Francesco Petrarca is regarded by historians as the first humanist. His poems and songs have created a poetic style. Petrarch used a lot of sonnets.
20. Giovanni Boccaccio's collection of short stories "decameron". The frame structure of decameron is the result of studying the Arabian Nights. The important theme of the story is anti-church, which exposes the corruption and hypocrisy of the Catholic church and monks. Oppose asceticism and feudal prejudice through love themes. This novel is written in Italian.
2 1. The image of Don Quixote in the history of foreign literature: the image of a humanist suffering from "ranger paranoia". Don Quixote is a complex image with both tragic and comic factors;
(1) Don Quixote is a humanist.
(2) There are many cartoon characters on him.
(3) People full of tragic spirit.
(4) The direct disseminator of humanism.
22. Sancho who taught himself the history of foreign literature? The image of pansha
(1) Sancho Panza is a typical example of Spanish simple working peasants during the Renaissance.
(2) On the one hand, he has the wit, kindness and optimism of the working people, and showed amazing intelligence during his tenure as "Island Governor".
(3) On the other hand, he was short-sighted, narrow-minded, selfish and greedy for small profits under the feudal system. In order to get rid of poverty and have plenty of food and clothing, he became a knight's attendant.
(4) The image of Sancho Panza reflects the plight of farmers and the ever-changing democratic requirements of reality.
Why is Young Werther the first influential German work?
Witt in Goethe's novella Young Witt is a typical image of German progressive youth in18th century. His character is shaped by society. He rebelled against the ugliness of German reality with transcendental pride, but he always resisted in a non-cooperative and evasive way, which seemed inadequate. Therefore, his tragedy is the tragedy of the times.
It infects young people who are in the same boat at different times all over the world. They not only imitated Victor in blue trousers, but even committed suicide like him.
During his stay in Italy, he created and conceived three classic tragedies:
Egmont, Doris of Tassoifigne.
Old age: William. Meister (the first educational novel in Germany) shows the process of William's moral perfection by telling his growth from childhood to old age.
Faust: Based on the folklore of Dr. Faust in16th century. Dr Faust's life of exploring the essence of life is written in the form of poetry and drama, with the development of thought as the clue.
Basic plot: a prelude (the plot officially begins), two gambling games, lifelong pursuit and five tragedies.
Five acts of tragedy:
The pursuit of knowledge and the tragedy of knowledge: denying the pursuit divorced from reality.
The Pursuit of Senses and the Tragedy of Love: Denying the Love Only Obsessed with Lust (Margaret).
The Pursuit of Power and Political Tragedy: Denying the Road to Compromise with the Dynasty (Helen).
The pursuit of beauty and the tragedy of seeking beauty: denying the ideal of transforming the world with classical beauty (Wagner, ah Fuliang)
Career pursuit and career tragedy: the affirmation of creation and labor requires people to "explore life and freedom every day, and then enjoy freedom and life."
Analyze the image of Faust and its significance.
Faust in Goethe's poetic drama Faust is a symbolic image of bourgeois advanced elements in the rising period.
Faust (1) is a representative of positive enterprising spirit and an image of self-reliance and persistent exploration. The author put him through all kinds of temptations and tests. Bet with Mephistopheles to inspire him to explore again; The tragedy of passionate love made him stop pursuing sensory enjoyment; Political tragedy made him escape from reality; The disillusionment of classical ideals brought him back to reality to find a way to realize them. He is never satisfied, never shows weakness, never stops exploring, and always does good. These constitute the most distinctive features of his character.
People have distinct duality: on the one hand, driven by life instinct lust, they are often addicted to real desires such as fame and fortune, status, power, women and beauty; On the other hand, he was not confused by these, and constantly surpassed himself and moved towards a new life. On the one hand, they pursue truth and create career, on the other hand, they are infatuated with their children's affair. On the one hand, he is a pursuer of an ideal society; on the other hand, he is a supporter of kingship. This contradiction between "spirit and flesh" and "good and evil". It embodies Goethe's materialist dialectics and shows the complexity and authenticity of human beings. It also reflects the arduousness of human pursuit of truth.
Significance: It points out the road of spiritual purification that people should pursue, the meaning and ideal of life, and leads people to lofty ideals and the great road of unremitting struggle.
Analyze the artistic features of Faust.
Goethe's Faust has its unique artistic style;
1 Poetic drama takes fantasy as the main line, which combines realism and fantasy (heaven and earth, realism in ancient times, human demons). Make Faust an ode to bourgeois ideals and a profound summary of German real life.
2 in the characterization: dialectical method. The unity of opposites between Faust's spirit and flesh, and Mephistopheles's evil and good promoted the development of the whole plot and showed their respective personality characteristics. Describe the group image with contradictory contrast. Heaven emperor and devil are the contrast between reason and lust; Faust and Mephisto fellers are the contrast between human beings and demons. Faust and Margaret are the contrast between intellectuals and nature. Contrast makes their personality characteristics more distinct.
3 diversified forms. Poetic drama begins with free rhyme style, and Margaret writes in folk song style; Helen is written in the poetic style of ancient Greek tragedy. Narration, lyricism and discussion are integrated. Symbols and metaphors are widely used in poetic dramas. For example, the artificial man, Helen and the witch's kitchen are all symbols, and metaphor is often used to criticize the church.
Goethe's poetic drama Faust is a work with rich ideological content.
The main ideological value of 1 is to publicize the enterprising spirit of self-improvement through Faust's life experience; Propagandize the enlightenment thought of getting rid of medieval ignorance, overcoming internal and external contradictions of human beings and creating an ideal kingdom of the bourgeoisie.
Poetic drama affirms creation and labor, and requires people to "explore life and freedom every day, and then enjoy freedom and life".
Poetic drama expresses the author's profound life experience-life is pursuit, and the process of pursuit is cyclical. It is in this great cycle of constant pursuit and disillusionment that the world and human beings are in contradictory movement, development and progress.
Poetic drama also expresses a modern meaning, that is, people always have conflicts with the outside world, and failure and disaster are inevitable, but the protagonist determines his own nature with his own actions, thus laying the foundation of modern personality.
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