In Britain, although the king or queen is the chief executive in law, they have no real power, and now they are mostly symbolic.

Britain is a constitutional monarchy with a king or queen as the head of state. In the name of the king, the United Kingdom is governed by the government of the king or queen. The British parliamentary system is not based on a written constitution, and the British constitution is not composed of a single document, but of written law, customary law and practice. The judiciary adjudicates customary laws or interprets statutory laws.

I. The monarchy

Elizabeth II, her full name is "God bless, queen of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and her other territories and territories, head of the Commonwealth and protector of the Church of England."

The queen is a symbol of the country. Legally speaking, she is the chief executive, part of the legislature, head of justice and commander-in-chief of the national armed forces.

The monarchy has no real power. Its power is limited by law and parliament. Constitutional monarchy began after the glorious revolution of 1688.

Roman numeral 3. Parliament

1 Britain is a centralized country, not a federal country. Parliament consists of the monarch, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.

2. The main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass legislation; (2) Vote to approve taxes to provide funds for government work; (3) review government policies and administration, including funding proposals; (4) the topic of the day's debate.

3. The House of Lords consists of clergy and secular nobles. Its main function is to use the rich experience of parliamentarians to help legislation. In other words, the unelected House of Lords is a revision house, which complements rather than opposes the elected House of Commons.

4. The House of Commons (the House of Commons) is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 65/kloc-0 members. The House of Commons has the final legislative power.

5. Britain is divided into 65 1 constituencies, and each constituency elects a member of the House of Commons. General elections must be held every five years, but they are often held for less than five years.

There are many political parties in Britain, but there are mainly two parties-the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. Starting from 1945, the two parties take turns to govern. The party that wins a majority of seats in the general election and thus has a majority of supporters in the House of Commons forms a government, and the leader of the majority is appointed by the monarch as the prime minister. The party that won the second largest number of seats officially became the "opposition party" and had its own leader and shadow cabinet. The purpose of the opposition party is to help formulate policies. It can often make critical suggestions and amendments to the government.

Three. Cabinet and cabinet ministers

1. The Prime Minister presides over the Cabinet, is responsible for distributing the functions of ministers, and reports to the Queen on government affairs when meeting with her regularly. The Cabinet chaired by the Prime Minister meets for several hours every week to decide the government's policies on major issues.

2. Ministers are collectively accountable to Parliament for all cabinet decisions, and ministers are accountable to Parliament for the work of their respective departments.

Four. Privy Council

1. The Privy Council was originally the source of the government's executive power and provided "private" advice to the monarch. It is also known as the King's Meeting in history. Today, its main function is politeness, such as suggesting that the monarch approve the government's decrees.

2. Its main members are about 400 people, including cabinet members, the Speaker of the House of Commons and senior politicians from Britain and the Commonwealth.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) government ministries and civil service departments

1. Main government departments include: Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of National Defense, etc.

2. Members of the Ministry of Civil Service are called civil servants. Civil servants are mainly recruited through competitive examinations. The civil service department does not belong to any political party, and the change of government does not affect the change of personnel in the department. There are about 54 1800 civil servants in Britain.

Intransitive verbs local government departments

1. There are two levels of local government in England and Wales, counties and districts smaller than counties. Now England and Wales are divided into 53 counties and 369 districts.

Greater London is divided into 32 boroughs.