Official name. The yuan dynasty began to be established. It was used to confer the titles of tribal leaders on ethnic minorities in northwest and southwest China. The position of chieftain can be hereditary, but the attack officer needs the approval of the court. In the Yuan Dynasty, Tusi had three military attache positions, namely, Xuanwei Ambassador, Fu Xuan Ambassador and Anfu Ambassador. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the chieftain was placed along the border. Since the Ming Dynasty, there have been three civil service positions: local magistrate, local magistrate and local magistrate. Tusi paid a certain tribute to the court and provided troops according to the imperial edict; Maintain its ruling rights as a tribal leader internally.

Liu Guan

"Floating officials" refers to local officials in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi and other provinces during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and they have a certain term of office, as opposed to hereditary local officials.

Causes and process of "changing soil into flow" in Qing Dynasty

During the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, the chieftain system was abolished in some minority areas in southwest China, and the bureaucratic political reform was implemented. The Tusi system, which began in the Yuan Dynasty, has many disadvantages. Tusi brutally ruled the people in China, rarely rebelled against the central government and harassed the Han people bordering them, and wars between Tusi continued. In order to solve the long-standing disadvantages of chieftain's separatist regime, most rulers in Ming and Qing dynasties advocated the policy of changing soil into water. That is, where conditions are ripe, the hereditary system of chieftain should be abolished, and the government, Ministry, state and county should be set up, and the floating officials with a certain term should be assigned to manage it. During the reign of Kang Yong, the national strength of the Qing Dynasty was strong, and Yong Zhengdi was an enterprising monarch. Therefore, the conditions for large-scale implementation of the policy of "returning home" are ripe.

In the fourth year of Yongzheng (1726), E Ertai, the governor of Yunnan and Guizhou, repeatedly instructed the necessity of changing the soil into the stream and demanded immediate implementation. He suggested using tactics to deal with illegal chiefs first, and then using troops to suppress them; Make it automatically superior, and make the soil second; We should not only use the army, but also rely on it. Threaten by force and try to solve it by political means. He demanded that the unreasonable administrative divisions along the borders of Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan provinces be adjusted, so that the powers and responsibilities could be unified and local officials could make a difference. Yong Zhengdi appreciated this and told him to handle it carefully. In May of the same year, the chieftain rebellion in Changzhai, Guizhou Province was first suppressed, and Changzhai Hall (now Changshun, Guizhou Province) was established. Soon, the Qing court transferred Wumeng, Zhenxiong and Dongchuan, which originally belonged to Sichuan, to Yunnan. E Ertai sent guerrillas to lead the troops, wiped out the rebels of the local magistrate Lu of Wumeng and the magistrate Qin Long Hou of Zhenxiong, and established Wumeng House (later renamed Zhaotong House, now Zhaotong, Yunnan) and Zhenxiong State. The huge momentum of Yunnan-Guizhou returning home soon reached Guangxi. In five years, the Qing court deposed Cen, the local magistrate of Sicheng, by deterrence, and established Yongfeng House (now Zhenfeng Buyi and Miao Autonomous County of Guizhou) in the area north of Nanpanjiang, which was placed under the jurisdiction of Guizhou. At the end of June, Yong Zhengdi appointed E Ertai as the governor of the three provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi, and made a unified plan for the transformation of Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi. In the same year, Zhang Guangsi, the provincial judge of Guizhou Province, was ordered to carry out the policy of "returning the land to the countryside" in southeastern Guizhou. Zhang Guangsi led the troops into the Miao and Dong ethnic villages in Guzhou (now Rongjiang, Guizhou) of Liping prefecture and Danjiang (now Leishan, Guizhou) of Duyun prefecture, and set up offices to share common sense and manage civil affairs. The toast of Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and other provinces bordering Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi is close to the mainland, and its influence is limited. Under the pressure of the situation, they have demanded to hand over the hereditary territory and the seal of the chief and return to the central government. So under the management of governors and officials, villages and counties were established. When the hereditary system of chieftain was abolished, chieftain himself was treated differently according to their attitude. For the automatic printer, participate in the reward, either to the world or to Wu Zhi now. Punish the rebels, confiscate their property, move them to inland provinces outside the above six provinces, and arrange for them to live in abel tamata. While establishing counties, military institutions were added, such as Wumeng Town in Yunnan, Xiong Wei Town in Zhaotong, Wei Yuan Town in Pu 'er, Guzhou Town and Taigong Town in Guizhou, Youjiang Town in Guangxi, Yongshun Club and Yongsui Club in Huguang, etc. In the areas where the land was changed to the countryside, the Qing government inspected households, measured land, collected taxes, built cities and set up schools. Originally, the toast only paid a small amount of tribute and kept a lot of silver from the cruel plunder of the people. After the reform, the tax collection method was changed and the original toast collection system was abolished. Like the mainland, taxes are levied on mu, and the amount is generally less than that in the mainland. The exploitation suffered by indigenous people has been slightly reduced. There are five provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Sichuan, Hunan and Hubei where the land transfer area of Guizhou Province is relatively wide, which is equivalent to the area of the original county. Many ethnic groups participated in the reform, including Miao, Yi, Buyi, Dong, Yao and Shui. In nine years, Yunnan and Guizhou have basically achieved the goal of improving soil and returning to the flow.