The Seventh Five-Year Plan of Juan in Jinwen and the five things of Zhuge Liang in Guo Chong. According to the third thing, that is, "empty city plan", see chapters 9 and 5 of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Shu Shu, the Ming edition of The Three Kingdoms, is a refutation of Guo Chong's records. However, the book "The Emperor Gaozuji of the Southern Qi Dynasty" said: "Imperial examinations are taboo. ..... At the beginning of Yuan Jiachu, he moved to ... Jinan House. ..... Great luck in the middle of Shandong, the imperial examination made Yan Bing open the city gate. The public remonstrated, saying,' There are few thieves, so why underestimate the enemy!' Huang Kao said: "Today, if you stick to a poor city, things are already very critical. If you show weakness again, you will be killed, but be strong.' Lu suspected that there was an ambush, so he led it "; In Biography of Good Officials in the Old Tang Dynasty, Cui Wenzhi moved to Lanzhou, and more than 30,000 Tanguts attacked the city. Many people are afraid, knowing that the article "makes the city gate open for thieves, and thieves dare not enter", while in The Legend of the Northern Emperor, 100,000 Tubo people entered Huangzhong, "unprepared, they suddenly heard the thief's voice, so they built a flag and cut the drum to open the door. They all learned Zhuge Liang's wisdom of "opening four doors wide", while "Lu" and "thief" learned Sima Yi's precedent and "suspected ambush".
A husband does not show his soldiers and does not bully others. It is bullying to show people the truth so that others don't believe it. "Weakness" and "strength" are appropriate. An example of the "Empty City Project" is that honesty is the best deception.
Wei's Rilu, Volume I, Liyan: "Those who want things want people first. If we don't know whether their talent is clever or not, we will only learn from the facts. Although the situation is extremely accurate, we will miss it. Therefore, it can be expected that fools can't expect wisdom and wise people can't expect stupidity. I tried to laugh at the romance of the Three Kingdoms, in which Kongming burned incense and swept the floor in an empty city. Sima Yi withdrew doubtfully. If you encounter a mountain thief today, go straight into the city gate and catch Kong Ming. "
-"Guanzi Ribbon, Three Dynasties in Ancient China, Six Dynasties in Qin and Han Dynasties" 125, "Empty City Plan"
Catalogue of Zhuge Ji on Chen Shou's desk: "Talent is good at managing honor, cleverness is short, and managing people is better than managing short."
According to the people of the Six Dynasties, it seems that it is not this item, and it is believed that it will not damage the price of the sound of light. "Shi Shuo Pai Diao": "Xi Sikong worships the North Fourth School, and Wang Huangmen worships the Xi Gate. The cloud says,' It is not its strength to be soft' and suddenly sings it. Cang Cang said to the guest,' I'm sorry, I can't stand your words today!' The guest said,' This is Chen Shou's evaluation of Zhuge; People compare your family to the kingdom of marquis of Wu. What can you say? ' "; Wang Rong and Liu Hui commented on Zhong Rong's Poem: "As for the five-word work, it is short, and the analogy must be slightly shorter. It is not the strength of the Wuhou, and it is not enough to demote Wolong"; The revision of Shu Wei Mao Xiuchuan means that Chen Shou slightly denigrated Liang Jiang, then refuted Liang's reputation as "too beautiful" and should not be denigrated.
Zhu Yizun's Exposed Pavilion Collection (Volume 59) and Chen Shoulun call immortality a "good history", which means that Zhang Qian and Zhun Yuan also commented that it is no longer than coping with the situation, not privately saying that immortality is a person who loves and hates; In Gui Si Cun Manuscript, volume 7 quoted Biography with Li Miao, and Li Miao read Shu Zhi until Wei Yan remonstrated, but failed to accept it, in order to prove that life was "odd and short".
"What you say, what you say, is the best for everyone, so its words can't reach very far."
According to Notes on Supporting the Quail Hall (Volume 31) and Jin Qingxi Yu (Volume 31), Biography of the Book of Jin was quoted. Zhang Hua asked, "What is the significance of Kongming's teaching?" Secret: "Shun, Yu and three people used to talk to each other, so they are simple and elegant; Words with mortals, when broken. Kong Ming has no enmity with the speaker, and teaches him to break his ears. "I thought that Gu Liangzhuan was published for two years:" Modesty is concise ",and Fan Note:" A well-informed person will give you a general idea; If you don't talk about it, then fools don't understand "; That is, "it is appropriate to break up with mortals."
Qian Daxin's Collected Works of Thousand Words Hall (Volume 28) and Ji Jing's Collected Works of Dayun Mountain House (Volume 2) are enough to open Zhu Yizun's eyes. The seventh and eighth chapters of Wild Sour Reveals also discuss Chen Shou's "Emperor Shu is not emperor Wei, but has twenty-four ends" and his "praise Zhuge", which can be described as "hard to see! I am really sorry to add! " The first nine poems in Zhao Ming's Qin He Shan Zhai Draft, Reading the Book of Jin, are about the defects of longevity. The cloud says, "Shu people write about Shu, but they are as poor as described!" It doesn't despise its history and knowledge.
-"The Complete Works of Bronze Cone and Bronze Inscription" July 1 Japanese "Chen Shou's Comment on Zhuge Liang"
There are 60 volumes in the History of the Three Kingdoms, of which Zhang has only 22 words of Eight Monks Cliff, 3 words of iron sword inscription and Diao Dou Ming title. Close to people, Dan Tao's "Calligraphy and Painting" says: "Painting history is close, while Zhang Can paints. Your family has a painting, Zhang Fei painted a beautiful woman, Guan Yu made bamboo, and a question flew in and said,' Big Brother is unhappy in the army, and Second Brother and Yu do this to relieve boredom.' "
Guan Yuwen didn't say a word, but Zhou Lianggong's "Shadow" volume 100 said, "Guan Yunchang's" Three Letters to Zhang Yide "said:' Cao Cao has hundreds of tricks, but he doesn't bind his feathers. What is today? The general is guilty of feathers, but he doesn't know feathers! Feather Bak Yan is in danger, and my good friend has nothing to worry about, so he will report to the general with a three-foot sword, so that Feather will be worthy of the yellow land in the future. Third, General Zhang Yide, the death penalty! "Right this post Min Gong Shu, Wuzhong Han Bin received it; Master Wei Jiaohou, please carve the Zhengyangmen Guan Yi Temple. The secret of Korea and China is hidden from others, but it is
Deng Wenming's history is greeted with meaning and carved in stone. I wonder where Minangong got this article that day. "
One topic and one book is a cover for modern hunters, which is completely out of touch with the Han and Wei Dynasties. People who know a little about the style of literary words can tell it at a glance, without textual research or asking questions. If my husband doesn't understand the style of writing and wants to be proud of his achievements, he will resign and try to prove that the fake is true. That is, regarding Zhang Fei's paintings, we can check the records of Guan and Zhang Neng's paintings in the History of Painting, and re-sign Wang's Collection of Mr. Bei and Zhang Fangbo's Painting Songs: "The ancients painted with iron pens, and there were Guan Yu and Jin Changkang in the Han Dynasty", or Chen Bangyan's Poems on Paintings in Past Dynasties, and Chen Daoyong's Painting Bamboo. Alas, ".
Zhu Zhugong's basic volume May 4th answered Sun Jihe: "Preface is by no means an old Confucian, and Anguo Preface is by no means an article of the Western Han Dynasty. Many people who have been speaking English are puzzled, but Chen Tongfu doesn't doubt it. If the canal knows the meaning of the writing system, it is difficult to understand. " Jiao Xun's Family Instructions for Litang is like this: "Those who distinguish Guo Guanzi and take an examination of The Analects of Confucius are tireless in their understanding, and the reason why this study stays in literature." Both schools are ashamed of being literati, and their literary knowledge is worth textual research. Guangzhuan in Oriental Style
The book's postscript, Volume 2, "Zhong You welcomes the table", denounces his calligraphy as "painting is sparse", "strength is unique" and "no more writing", which must be false, because it says: "Uncle Yong tasted this and said that Guan Yu did not die in September of the twenty-fourth year of Jian 'an, so he should not make this table first. This argument means that people who don't know books can correct themselves. If the date is correct, why not argue again? " It is particularly clear that "arguing" other arts is also a category. Cover "Year of Month" solid ",well-documented, style is self-contained, chapter can be recognized. The meaning of "I don't know the writing system" or "I don't know the style" refers to the style that has no evidence to test, unless it is "year and month"; What's more, I think it's egoism to see through fear. I think it's a shortcut to overcorrection. I disdain the appraisal style of "looking at the gas" like an alchemist. Either "bachelor rape" (Chang Yan in Zhong Changtong) or "cover up" (Huan Tan's new theory)!
"Yue Ji" says: "Animals are old friends, but they know the sound but don't know it", and Zheng Xuan notes: "Animals know the sound but don't know the change of their palace affairs"; Hegel's theory of writing the history of philosophy is broad and unreasonable, that is to say, it is like an animal hearing music, completely listening, but indifferent to the sum of sounds (Die Verfasser Solcher Geschichten Lassensich Mittierren Verleichen, Welcheallet? Don't listen to music? However, this kind of harmony does not exist. The warlocks who look at Qi lie, and the birds and beasts who listen to music,
Didn't really do everything; Or are not harmonious, are rare, are metaphors.
Geschichte der Philosophie, "Heidelberg-leitung", Felix Miner, I, 9.
—— The Ninth Five-Year Plan, The Three Dynasties in Ancient China, Qin and Han Dynasties, Three Kingdoms and Six Dynasties, and Analysis of Style and Writing.
2. Mao Zedong commented on the three countries.
Chairman Mao loves reading, which can be said to be crazy.
For example, his love for the Three Kingdoms can be seen. Among the many historical books that Chairman Mao has read, The History of the Three Kingdoms annotated by Pei Songzhi is his favorite, and among the historical novels he has read, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is his favorite.
Zhou Yu is a member of the Communist Youth League.
Mao Zedong liked the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms as early as his youth. He said: To study the Three Kingdoms, we should not only look at war and diplomacy, but also look at organizations. As early as Jinggangshan, when he was fighting local tyrants, he also wanted to find books such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms in the local tyrants' home to read.
In Mao Zedong's works, reports, speeches and speeches, the historical stories of The Romance of the Three Kingdoms are cited, which can be said to be endless.
1953, he said in "Youth League Work Should Take Care of the Characteristics of Youth": "Cao Cao led a great army to attack Soochow south of the Yangtze River. At that time, Zhou Yu was a member of the Communist Youth League. When he was commander-in-chief of Soochow, Cheng Pu and other veterans refused to accept it. Later, he was persuaded and he won the battle. " Mao Zedong used this story to teach us that when selecting young cadres, we should pay attention not to qualifications, but to abilities and talents.
Rehabilitate Cao Cao
In Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Luo Guanzhong praised Liu and suppressed Cao, but also vilified the peasant uprising in the Yellow Scarf. Chairman Mao commented on this book: "Luo Guanzhong, the author of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, inherited Zhu's tradition, not Sima Qian." When Sima Qian wrote Historical Records, he could attach importance to the role of the people in dealing with major historical issues, which can be said to be a straightforward book. Zhu was a Neo-Confucianist in the Southern Song Dynasty. He was respected as authentic Confucianism in Ming and Qing Dynasties and advocated orthodox thoughts. Zhu took Shu as the orthodox school, and Luo Guanzhong also took Shu as the orthodox school in his book, so he inherited Zhu's tradition.
With the popularity of Romance of the Three Kingdoms and the characterization on the stage of drama, Cao Cao is regarded as a "traitor in troubled times", which can be said to have become a well-known thing for women and children in China. For thousands of years, prejudice concealed the truth of history, but President Mao Zedong did not.
He advocated seeking truth from facts and affirming the evaluation of Cao Cao. In the History of the Three Kingdoms summarized by Pei Songzhi and Lu Bi, he made a lot of descriptions and comments on Cao Cao in Wei Shuwu's Historical Records, Shu Wei Wendy Ji and Shu Wei Liu Biao Biography.
Mao Zedong once talked to his aides about Cao Cao and said, "Cao Cao ended the melee between aristocratic families in the late Han Dynasty, restored the vast plains on both sides of the Yellow River, and paved the way for the later unification of the Western Jin Dynasty."
"Cao Cao is a real man"
On another occasion, when he was in Beidaihe, he said with emotion, "Cao Cao unified the North and established the State of Wei. At that time, the Yellow River valley was the center of the country. He reformed many evil policies in the Eastern Han Dynasty, suppressed the strongmen, developed production and practiced the system of reclaiming farmland. He also urged land reclamation, advocated the rule of law and thrift, so that the devastated society began to stabilize, recover and develop. Shouldn't these be certain? Isn't it amazing? It is said that Cao Cao is a white-faced traitor. It's in the book, it's in the play. The common people said it was the injustice caused by feudal orthodoxy. And those reactionary gentry, who are monopolists of feudal culture. Their writing is to maintain feudal orthodoxy. This case has to be overturned. "
Lu Xun said in the article "Wei and Jin demeanor and the relationship between articles and medicinal liquor": "In fact, Cao Cao is a very capable person, at least a hero. Although I am not a client of Cao Cao, I have always admired him. " When Mao Zedong read this article in the 1950s, he underlined this passage with a red pen, agreeing with Lu Xun's views on Cao Cao.
Once he said to the staff, "I still like Cao Cao's poems. Magnificent, generous and sad, he is a real man, generous. " When talking with his children, he also said: "Cao Cao's articles and poems are extremely true, straightforward and open-minded, and worth learning."
Chibi Zhao Zilong
Mao Zedong likes reading the Three Kingdoms. In his writing, conversation and daily words and deeds, he also quoted allusions and examples about the Three Kingdoms from time to time.
1944 10/day, Yan 'an Liberation Daily published an editorial entitled "The Victory of the New Fourth Army and the Salvation of China". It said: "The soldiers of the Puppet Manchurian Army in Central China called the New Fourth Army' the Fourth Master', which is comparable to Zhao Zilong. They often say to their guns,' guns, I kept them for grandpa four'. " Among them, the phrase "compare it to Zhao Zilong" was added when Mao Zedong revised it himself. Zhao Zilong, whose name is Zhao Yun, was a famous soldier in Sichuan after Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei in the Three Kingdoms period, and was called "the brave".
1948 1 1 On the 4th of the month, the PLA moved to the Central Plains and liberated Nanyang, Henan. Mao Zedong personally wrote a news report for Xinhua News Agency, entitled "Our army occupied Zhongyuan Wan". At the beginning, he wrote: "Under the offensive of the People's Liberation Army's great victory, Wang Lingyun, the enemy on the defensive in Nanyang, abandoned the south of the city and fled, and our army immediately occupied Nanyang. Nanyang is Guwan County, where Cao Cao and Zhang Xiu fought during the Three Kingdoms period. Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty, launched a war against Wang Mang here and established the post-Han Dynasty. According to folklore, most of Liu Xiu's 28 leading cadres in 28 nights were born in Nanyang. ……"
Mao Zedong is familiar with the Three Kingdoms. In his articles, he often refers to the past to describe the present. For example, the above article outlines the strategic position of Nanyang, a battleground for military strategists, and highlights the significance of our army's occupation of Nanyang.
3. Jin Yong's evaluation of the Three Kingdoms
Among China's classical novels, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms enjoys a very lofty position, and no novel can match it. In the past 300 years, it has been called "the first gifted scholar's book" or "the first wonderful book".
The social influence of The Romance of The Three Kingdoms far exceeds its literary value. As far as literature is concerned, its characterization skills are really first-class, and the novelists of later generations in China have absorbed nutrition from it, and its layout and atmosphere arrangement are also ingenious. For example, Liu Bei's "Three Visits to the Cottage" drew Zhuge Liang, the protagonist of this book, out from the hustle and bustle of gongs and drums step by step; Another example is the writing of "grass boat borrows arrows" and "east wind", which is tightened step by step. This technique is rare in foreign novels. The protagonists of foreign novels often leave the scene at once, or shrink and shrink, and their faces are blurred. The characters in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms have distinct personalities. Loyalty leads to former loyalty to America, and rape leads to extreme cruelty. As soon as the reader opens the book, he will see that every character has a clear stand and a clear love and hate.
When I was a child, I watched Romance of the Three Kingdoms and stood on the side of Liu Bei in an all-round way, never admitting that I actually died before Wei. For this reason, my eldest brother and I argued fiercely for several hours. Eldest brother had no choice but to move out of his middle school history textbook and point to a few clear lines in the book, which proved that he was defeated by Wargo and Zhong Hui. He was angry for a long time and shed a lot of tears.
In fact, the plot of the killing of Wargo, Zhong Hui and Jiang Wei has been written in detail in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, but since Zhuge Liang died in Wuzhangyuan, I have no mind to read the following story.
Among the "Three Kingdoms" figures, Zhao Yun is my favorite. I always thought he was far superior to Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. He made seven advances and seven exits in the Changbanpo Cao Army, and he went forward bravely and was unstoppable. This is much more difficult and wonderful than Guan Gong beheading Yan Liang and Wen Chou. At the same time, Zhao Yun is noble, meticulous and resourceful.
Secondly, I am Malik Chao and Lu Bu. At that time, he was young and only paid attention to the war generals with high combat effectiveness, and paid little attention to Ma Chao's impatience and Lu Bu's stupidity and treachery. These two men are handsome and beautiful on the stage, which also gives me extra points.
Once the image is fixed, it is difficult to change. The storyteller of The Story of Three Kingdoms and Luo Guanzhong, who wrote novels through historical events and folklore, were too partial to Shu Han.
Luo Guanzhong used to be generally regarded as my hometown of Hangzhou, but Mr. Zhou, a professor in Peking University, recently convincingly verified that Luo Guanzhong was from Taiyuan. Luo Guanzhong is a native of Taiyuan, Shanxi, so he has a special preference for Guan Gong, a fellow villager in Shanxi. It doesn't matter if he denounces Cao Cao or even belittles Wu Dong. When I am old, I often feel dissatisfied. Sun Jian, Sun Ce and Sun Quan are my hometown Fuyang, Zhejiang Province, which was Fuchun County at that time, and the Han Dynasty was the hometown of Yu Dafu.
I even thought about writing a romance of the Three Kingdoms with Wu Dong as the main body. The protagonists are naturally Zhou Yu, Lu Xun and Lu Kang, followed by Sun Ce, Sun Quan and Gu Yong, all great politicians. And beauty Da Qiao, Joe. However, this is contrary to the deep-rooted traditional ideas of the people of the whole country, and the consequences are bound to be bad. This intention was soon abandoned.
In history, the defeat of Battle of Red Cliffs and Cao Cao was entirely Zhou Yu's masterpiece, and Zhuge Liang made no contribution. I sometimes fantasize about how Zhou Gongjin was "majestic and heroic" when Xiao Qiao just got married, how he was "wrong in singing and got the care of Zhou Lang" and how he "made friends with Zhou Jin by bus and didn't feel drunk after drinking". Cheng Pu, the general of Wu Dong, said that making friends with Zhou Gongjin is like drinking the best wine and unconsciously indulging in other people's personality charm. Describe some people and scenery in the south of the Yangtze River, and you will be happy.
Lu Xun, an all-round scholar, is a first-rate figure in the history of China, and I admire him very much. Playing the word game of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the theme of Wu Dong is too hidden in my own mind, which is really difficult and unnecessary.
The characters in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms do not directly describe their hearts, but only rely on oral actions, which is a dramatic technique. Drama and movies only show the words and deeds of the characters, but the inner life is naturally revealed. This is a superb skill in China's classical novels. Some modern novels in China study western novels hard and pay attention to describing the inner thoughts of characters, which are not only boring to read, but also unclear in character. This is because they don't pay attention to the skills of China's classical novels.
The story of the Three Kingdoms has become a part of the spiritual life of the masses in China, and the people accept their moral education and values. A man should pay attention to loyalty to his friends and protect the people like Liu Bei and Guan Yu, and never be ungrateful and treacherous for his own interests like Cao Cao.
The moral models of Liu Bei and Guan Yu are more popular, effective and important than those of Confucius and Mencius. Hong Kong police and underworld figures should set up shrines to worship Guan Gong, never to worship Confucius, Jesus or Tathagata. No literary work in the world can make the characters in the novel become the objects of mass religious worship. The ancient Greeks worshipped the gods, not because of the epic Heriat, but because Heriat only recorded the fact that the Greeks worshipped the gods.
There are Guandi temples all over China. The Guandi Temple near Luoyang is very big, and I was deeply impressed when I saw it. In fact, there is nothing special about the real Guan Yu in history, but his personal strength is almost the same as that of Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and Ma Chao. Cao Cao's valiant generals Zhang Liao, Huang Xu and Chu Xu can probably draw with Guan Yu. Of course, Lu Bu is better than him. In terms of fighting, Guan Yu is absolutely inferior to Cao Cao, Zhuge Liang, Sima Yi, Zhou Yu, Lv Meng, Lu Xun, yang hu, Lu Kang, Zhao Yun and Zhang Liao. Guan Yu was worshipped by later generations, and his heavy righteousness was exaggerated by The Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
The most important morality in China is filial piety and righteousness. The novel holds military commanders as gods, which is not only the charm of the novel, but also the traditional character of China people.
In fact, the Romance of the Three Kingdoms has a great influence on the development of China's history. When Jurchen attacked the Ming Dynasty, she was still a clown with little education outside the customs, so naturally she would not read such a difficult book as Sun Tzu's Art of War. Their generals led troops to March and fight, and their methods and techniques relied on learning from the romance of the Three Kingdoms. It is said that Huang Taiji, the second-generation monarch of the Qing Dynasty, tricked Emperor Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty into killing general Yuan Chonghuan with a "double agent". This trick is to imitate Zhou Yu's trick of tricking Cao Cao into killing Cai Mao and Zhang Yun, commander-in-chief of the water army in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. If Yuan Chonghuan hadn't died, Wu Sangui wouldn't have been guarding Shanhaiguan, and the Qing army couldn't have entered Beijing so easily.
There is an old saying in China, "You must read the Water Margin and the Three Kingdoms". It is said that there are many strategies in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, and everyone is calculating, especially Zhuge Liang, Liu Bei and Cao Cao. Old people are good at wily thinking. Reading The Three Kingdoms will certainly make them more scheming and better at framing others. This is the view that the dominant people in China society prevent others from resisting. The Three Kingdoms are well aware of the right and wrong of loyalty and treachery.
There are many classical Chinese elements in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which I read with relish when I was a primary school student. Although there are many sentences I don't understand, the stories and characters are so attractive that I finally skipped the part I didn't understand and read it all the way.