In 367 BC, he studied in Plato's college for about 20 years, but he disagreed with Plato. In 343 BC, he began to teach the Prince of Macedonia (later Alexander the Great). After Plato's death, he left Athens and went to athos, an Asian city, where he established a college for teaching and research. Three years later, the Persian Empire captured the city, and Aristotle fled to the city of Mitelli on the island of Rebo. In 335 BC, he returned to Athens and set up another pulpit in the playground near the Apollo Temple in Lv Keang outside the city. Therefore, his academy is called "Lv Keang". Compared with Plato's academy, it pays more attention to reality, raises questions in research, and collects information, tries and explores from many aspects. In 323 BC, Alexander died suddenly, and there was an anti-Macedonian movement in Athens. Aristotle was regarded as the target of political attack and accused of blasphemy. He gave the college to Theo Vlasto and took refuge in Calci. He died of illness the following year at the age of 63.
His works fall into two categories. First of all, before his death, he published these works publicly for ordinary people to read and adopted the form of dialogue. Most of these works have been lost, and only some fragments have survived to this day. Another kind of works, with simple appearance and rigorous reasoning, is probably Aristotle's syllabus, research notes or students' lecture notes, and some of them have been preserved. His works mainly include: category, explanation, pre-analysis, post-analysis, debate and refutation of wise men, collectively referred to as instrumental theory, which mainly involves logical issues; Metaphysics mainly involves abstract general theoretical problems; Physics, the theory of heaven, the theory of life and death and the theory of soul mainly involve natural philosophy. Nicokal ethics and Oldmore ethics mainly involve ethical issues. In addition, there are political science, poetics, rhetoric and other works related to biology and economy.
Plato (Greek: π λ? 0? 4 τ ν, English: Plato, about 427- 347 BC) is not only the ancient Greek philosophy, but also one of the greatest philosophers and thinkers in all western philosophy and even the whole western culture.
His original name was Aristokles, but later he was renamed Plato because of his strong body and broad forehead (in Greek, Platus means "flat and broad"). Ranked fourth in the family. Plato was nicknamed by his PE teacher.
He was born in Athens, and after his parents were noble families, he received a complete education from an early age. He loved literature in his early years, wrote poems and tragedies, and was interested in politics. After associating with Socrates around the age of 20, I became fascinated with philosophical research. In 399 BC, Socrates was tried and sentenced to death, which made him completely disappointed with the existing political system. The death of the teacher was a heavy blow to Plato. Like his teacher, he opposes democratic politics and thinks that a person should do things that are consistent with his identity. Farmers only care about farming, craftsmen only care about work, businessmen only care about business, and civilians can't participate in state affairs. Socrates' death deepened his prejudice against the civilian regime. He said, we need to find a good craftsman to make a pair of shoes. When we are sick, we need a good doctor. Isn't it absurd to hand over such an important matter of governing the country to anyone?
Plato didn't want to stay in Athens after his teacher died. From the age of 28 to 40, he has been roaming overseas and has been to Egypt, Italy, Sicily and other places. He has been investigating and propagating his political views. In 388 BC, he went to the ancient city of Silla in Sicily, trying to persuade the rulers to establish an ideal country managed by philosophers, but his goal was not realized. Unfortunately, he was sold as a slave on his way back, and his friends spent a lot of money to redeem him.
In 387 BC, Plato returned to Athens and set up his own school-Academy near a garden and playground in the northwest corner of the city to commemorate the Greek hero Akkadam. The name of the college is related to the address of the college, and the location of the college is related to the legendary Greek Heroes College, hence the name. This is the earliest institution of higher learning in the West, hence the name of the later Academy, which is the predecessor of the universities developed in the Middle Ages in the West. The college existed for more than 900 years until it was closed by Justinian the Great in 529 AD. The college is greatly influenced by Pythagoras, and its curriculum is similar to the traditional topics of Pythagoras school, including arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and acoustics.
In 367 BC, Plato traveled again. At this time, the college has been established for more than 20 years. He went to Sicily twice in an attempt to realize his political ambitions and put his ideas into practice, but both were forced into exile. In 360 BC, he returned to Athens and continued to teach and write in the college. Until 347 BC, Plato died at the age of 80.
Socrates (470-399 BC) is not only a famous philosopher in ancient Greece, but also a famous historical figure with distinctive personality and different reputations from ancient times to the present. His father is a stonemason and sculptor, and his mother is a midwife.
As a teenager, Socrates studied handicrafts with his father, became familiar with Homer's epic and other famous poets, and became a self-taught scholar. He made a living by imparting knowledge. In his thirties, he became a social morality teacher who didn't get paid or run a library. Many children from rich families and poor families often gather around him to learn from him and ask him for advice. Socrates often said, "I only know that I know nothing."
He spent most of his life outdoors. He likes to talk with people in various fields, such as war, politics, friendship, art, ethics and so on, in public places such as markets, sports fields and streets. He fought in the war three times, served as a heavy infantry, and helped injured soldiers in battle more than once. Around the age of 40, he became a household name in Athens.
Socrates lived a hard life all his life. Regardless of the cold weather, he wears an ordinary thin coat, often wears no shoes and doesn't pay attention to eating. But he didn't seem to notice it, just buried himself in his studies.
Socrates' theory is mysterious. He believes that the existence, development and destruction of all things in the world are arranged by God, who is the master of the world. He opposed the study of nature as blasphemy. He advocates that people know how to be human and live a moral life. His philosophy mainly studies and discusses ethical issues.
Socrates often argues with others. In the debate, he made the other side correct and give up the original wrong ideas by asking and answering questions, and helped people produce new ideas. He abstracted the universal things from the individual and took four steps: satire, midwifery, induction and definition. "Sarcasm" is to make the other party contradict itself and admit ignorance of this issue through constant questioning; "Midwifery" is to help the other party abandon fallacies and find the right and universal things, that is, to help the truth come out; "induction" is to find commonness from individual things and find general laws by analyzing and comparing individual things; "Definition" refers to the classification of a single concept into a general concept.