Brief introduction of the author
◆ Character guidance
Adversity produces results. Sima Qian, a historian of the Han Dynasty, analyzed the creation of some ancient sages and said, "The ancients were famous for their wealth, but the charming people were not famous." King Gavin was arrested and played Zhouyi, while Zhong You wrote Chunqiu. Qu Yuan was exiled, but Li Sao was assigned. Zuo Qiu was blind and lost his Mandarin, and Sun Tzu's Art of War was revised. Instead of moving to Shu, he told Lu Lan and Han Fei to imprison Qin, expressing his unspeakable and lonely anger. In fact, throughout the ages, how many people who have achieved immortal works have not been honed in adversity? Li Yu is like this, Su Shi is like this, and so is Liu Zongyuan.
● Writer file
Liu Zongyuan: 773 —8 19.
Font size: font thickness; Because he was from Hedong, he was finally appointed as the secretariat of Liuzhou, so he was called "Liu Hedong" or "Liu Liuzhou"
Time: Tang Dynasty
Native place: Hedong (now yongji city).
Life experience:
Liu Zongyuan was born in an official family for generations. His great-grandfather died because he offended Wu Zetian. His father, Jin Ryu, suffered an Anshi Rebellion when he was in Gaozong, and took refuge in the King of Wu with his family. After that, he wrote a letter and awarded an official position. He worked under Guo Ziyi and was promoted many times.
Liu Zongyuan is a child prodigy. History books say that he was "extremely refined and sensitive" when he was a child, and "Zhuo Wei wrote delicately". At the age of 20, he was a scholar in the same subject as Liu Yuxi and was officially awarded the school book lang. At the age of thirty, I met Wang with Liu Yuxi and Lu Wen. Wang and others regarded him as a wizard, promoted him to be the minister of rites, and prepared to make great use of him. However, the "Wang Group" and the "Yongzhen Innovation" soon failed, and Liu Zongyuan was also demoted to a few state secretariat because of his relationship with Wang. On his way to office, he was once again demoted to Yongzhou Sima. At the same time, Liu Yuxi and other six people were similarly punished, which is the "two kings and eight horses incident" in history.
He stayed in Yongzhou for ten years, which was a "barren land", so he "set himself free" and accompanied the mountains and rivers. In the tenth year of Yuanhe (8 15), he returned to Beijing and Liuzhou as a secretariat until he died in Liuzhou in 8 19. Before his death, Liu Zongyuan wrote to his good friend Liu Yuxi and left the manuscript to him. Later, Liu Yuxi compiled the Collection of Liu Zongyuan.
Works: Collection of Works of Mr. Hedong
Fame: A famous writer, thinker, philosopher and politician in the Tang Dynasty. One of the active advocates of the ancient prose movement, together with Han Yu, advocated the ancient prose movement in Tang Dynasty and called it "Liu Han". People often compare Wei Wu Ying, a great poet of his time. They are two famous pastoral poets after Wang Meng (Wang Wei and Meng Haoran). Critics believe that they inherited the tradition of Tao Yuanming and were called "Wang Meng" with Wang Wei, Meng Haoran and Wei. Together with Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan in the Tang Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu, Su San (Su Xun, Su Shi and Su Zhe), Wang Anshi and Ceng Gong in the Song Dynasty, they are called "eight great masters in Tang and Song Dynasties".
Second, the reasons for becoming famous
▲ Overview of submission
Liu Zongyuan and Han Yu initiated and led an ancient prose movement in the literary world. They put forward a series of ideological theories and literary ideas. In the content of the article, in view of the shortcomings of parallel prose, such as not paying attention to content and emptiness, this paper puts forward "the unity of literature and Taoism" and "the unity of literature and Taoism" The article demands to reflect the reality, and "injustice will sound", which is full of critical spirit to get rid of the disadvantages of the times. In the form of the article, it is proposed to innovate the style, break through the shackles of parallel prose, and the sentence length is not limited, requiring innovative language to "speak out" and "speak out". In addition, it is also pointed out that "stand up" first and then "stand up". This is a progressive literary proposition.
Liu Zongyuan has made brilliant achievements in literature, and made outstanding contributions in poetry, prose, travel notes, fables, novels, essays and literary theories.
In addition to his literary achievements, Liu Zongyuan is also a famous thinker. In his works such as Non-Mandarin, Seasonal Theory, Criminal Argument, and Tian Lun, he explained the "time between heaven and man" (that is, the relationship between heaven and man) from the viewpoint of simple materialism and criticized the idealistic theory of destiny.
▲ Outstanding achievements
Liu Zongyuan's landscape travel notes are the most popular. They developed into an independent literary genre in the hands of Liu Zongyuan, and Liu Zongyuan was therefore called the "ancestor of travel notes". The famous masterpiece of Liu Zongyuan's landscape travel notes is Eight Records of Yongzhou. This "Eight Notes" is not a simple description of the scenery, but often expresses distant significance in the scenery, expressing all kinds of injustice in the chest, so that the landscape also has a human character.
▲ Review materials
Su Shi's After the Collection of Poems by Huang Zisi said: "Hair is thicker than simple and ancient, but indifferent to taste."
Su Shi said: "It is almost impossible to be given by heaven." "What's more expensive than talking is that it is dry outside and creamy in the middle. It looks light and beautiful, and it is also deep and heavy."
Yan Yu in Song Dynasty said: "The Tang people learned Sao only because their sons were thick."
Gong Wenxuan of the Ming Dynasty said, "The name of the Tang family in the index is Liu Gao Liuzhou."
Jie Jin said: "The name of Zihou is Maihantang."
Wang Qiyuan, a native of Liuzhou in the Ming Dynasty, praised: "The mountains and rivers of willows are the best in the world, and they have already opened. Hedong took the Tang civil servant as my willow secretary, so he opened my willow. "
196 1 year, when Guo Moruo visited Liuzhou, a poem said: "Liuzhou Old Liu Hou Temple has virtue for the people."
Third, the work is online.
◆ Overview of works
Liu Zongyuan's experience and creation can be roughly divided into three stages:
The first stage, adolescence. Liu Zongyuan's parents have settled in Chang 'an (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi), with a farmhouse and many books. Liu Zongyuan was educated by his mother Lu since childhood. I can read 14 ancient poems at the age of 4. /kloc-Waiting for Cui Zhongcheng, He Ping and Li Huaiguang, written at the age of 0/3, had a strange name long ago. He was ambitious when he was a teenager.
The second stage, the formal period. In the spring of the ninth year of Zhenyuan (793), 20-year-old Liu Zongyuan took the senior high school entrance examination, entered the officialdom and participated in the discussion of state affairs. In the first year of Jixian Temple Academy, he wrote "Love Monument in Yangcheng, Ye Si, Guo Yi", praising Yangcheng, a doctor who had the courage to stick to his own opinions on state affairs, and in the second year, he wrote "Debate and Invasion", which showed a strong desire to persist in unity and oppose separatism.
The third stage is from relegation to Yuanzhou. In the winter of Yongzhenyuan, Liu Zongyuan arrived in Yongzhou. During my nine years in Yongzhou, I had the opportunity to deeply understand the sufferings of the people, visited the scenic spots in this state, and wrote many famous poems. Eight Records of Yongzhou, Three Commandments, Anecdotes of Duan Taiwei, Zhen Fu, Non-Mandarin, Tian Shuo, Tian Dui and Snake Catcher were all written at this time.
◆ Reading and thinking of works
Selected Works 1: Eight Records of Yongzhou (Excerpt)
Guide reading
After Liu Zongyuan was demoted to Yongzhou, his political opponents still refused to let him go. Gossip and personal attacks turned him into a "strange man", and after several years, he kept cursing. This shows the extent to which conservatives dislike him. In Yongzhou, cruel political persecution and hard living environment made Liu Zongyuan sad, angry, depressed and miserable. Coupled with several ruthless fires, his health was seriously damaged, even to the point where his knees trembled when he walked, but he was paralyzed as soon as he sat down.
However, all kinds of persecution and hardships he suffered in his relegation career failed to shake Liu Zongyuan's political ideal. Although he was "rejected by everyone, he was not worse". Liu Zongyuan completed a major turning point in his life during his 10 years of relegation to Yongzhou. In the face of all kinds of suffering, depression, grief and indignation that hit from time to time, he traveled around, seeking novelty and winning, in order to broaden his mind and gain spiritual comfort. The famous Eight Chapters of Yongzhou is the crystallization of traveling under this mentality.
main body
Eight Records of Yongzhou
liu zongyuan
(1) Travel Notes of Xishan Banquet.
I am a person, and I live in a state. Always anxious. Time slot also, and then give and do, long line. The sun is not far from climbing mountains, entering deep forests, returning to streams, secluded springs and rocks. When you arrive, you will sit in the grass and get drunk. If you are drunk, you will lie on the pillow and dream. The meaning is extreme and the dream is very interesting. Get up, get up, come back. I thought the scenery in the whole state was different, but I didn't know the strangeness of Xishan.
On September 28 this year, I started pointing fingers because I was sitting in Fahua West Pavilion watching the Western Hills. So he ordered his servants to cross the Xiangjiang River, where the riverside was dyed, hazel fields were burning, and the poor mountains were high. Crawling and crawling, squatting and roaming, and then the soil of several States is padded below. The potential of its struggle is bleak, if it is like a cave, it is thousands of miles in size, and it can't be hidden. It is dazzling blue and looks like the sky outside. Later, I learned that this mountain is unique, not like Peiyuan, but like Haoqi. Travel with the creator without knowing his poverty. If you are full of action, you will be drunk. Pale but dusk, far away, can't see anything, but still don't want to return. The shape of the heart is in harmony with everything. Then I know I haven't started swimming yet. I have already started swimming, so I am writing for it. It's years old, yuan and four years.
(8) The story of Koishiyama
From Xishan Road to Huangmaoling in the north, there are two roads: one is to the west, and nothing is found; One is less in the north and east, but 40 feet, the soil is broken and two rivers are divided, and there are accumulated stones across its vastness. It is the shape of a beam; Next to the castle pier, if there is a door, you can see that it is black, throwing pebbles, and there is water in the hole, which has been ringing for a long time. The ring can be seen far up. Without soil, a beautiful arrow is born, which is strange and firm, and the strangeness is suppressed, which is also applied by the wise.
Hey! I have doubted the existence of the creator for a long time, and the more I think it is sincere. I also blame it for not being listed as a barbarian in Zhongzhou, and it is useless to sell its poems for thousands of years. If it is not suitable for the gods, it will be fruitless. Or: comfort your husband and feel ashamed of this person. Or: its spirit of qi is not for great men, but for things, so there are few people and many stones in southern Chu. I don't trust them.
Overall perception
Eight Notes on Yongzhou includes eight articles in turn, such as Travel Notes of Shide Xishan Banquet, Kunteng Xishan, Xixiaoshichi to Xiaoqiu, Yuan Jiake, Shiqu, Shi Jian and Xiaoyanshan. The eight notes are independent and interrelated. On the one hand, Eight Chapters accurately reproduces the beautiful scenery, giving readers a sense of being there; On the other hand, he weaves his own frustrations and troubles into it, and his own figure emerges everywhere and really blends into one, so that Yongzhou is shrouded in rich melancholy.
The article "Journey to the West's First Banquet" means "the beginning", with concise and vivid language and vivid description. Through the description of what I saw and felt when I climbed to the top of the Western Hills, I enthusiastically praised the wonder of the Western Hills, showing the noble character of the author who stood upright in nature and got spiritual liberation.
At the beginning, the article reveals his situation and state of mind from his fear and roaming after being relegated, which makes the natural scenery in his works closely combined with the author's life experience and forms a strong contrast with the noisy and ugly social reality. The author has traveled all over Yongzhou, thinking that I have all the wonders in the state, but "I don't know the wonders of the Western Hills".
Next, I wrote the discovery of Xishan and the experience of going to Xishan for the first time, focusing on what I saw and felt at the top of the mountain. Climbing high and overlooking, its competitive potential is like a cave, thousands of miles in size, many a mickle makes a mickle, invisible and dazzling, and shaped like a sky. Then know that it is the uniqueness of the mountain, not the same as training. You are enthusiastic, but you can't get it; Travel with the creator without knowing his poverty.
The author's description does not directly focus on the scenery of the western hills, but uses the perspective principle to describe the prospect obtained from the distant view. Through their mutual contrast and vivid rendering, a colorful landscape picture is formed. The author has great political ambition and noble character, and has no power. His repeated contrast, deliberate exaggeration and warm praise of the peculiar features of Xishan Mountain are the self-expression of his noble character of standing upright and standing out from the crowd in adversity. In the face of such beautiful scenery, the author "was drunk when he was drunk, and he didn't know how to enter the day" until "the twilight came from afar, and he didn't want to return without seeing anything." The release of the heart, and the combination of all things. "At that time, the author was often worried and full of resentment. However, the feeling of being integrated with nature and detached from things gained by climbing the top of the Western Hills swept away the author's troubles and indignation, and he was temporarily relieved mentally.
Koishiyama's story is the last of the eight stories in Yongzhou. The author first describes the shape, layout and wonders of Koishiyama, and then turns to discuss the existence of the creator, criticizes the concept of fate with a pen of doubt, and at the same time pours out his grief and indignation that he has been relegated and his ambition is hard to pay. The article is ups and downs, and the length is thousands of miles. As the predecessors said, "there is a small scene in front of the pen and the pen, and the pen and the pen have a strange feeling outside the sky." The author writes about the scenery of Koishiyama, mainly to express a feeling. At that time, some people thought that beautiful things were used by heaven to comfort insulted sages, while others thought that beautiful scenery was caused by the spirit of exquisite beauty, which the author denied.
"alas! I doubt whether the creator has existed for a long time. And yes, the more I feel sincere. It is also strange that it is not Zhongzhou, but Yidi, whose words are useless for thousands of years. If god is not suitable for this, is it fruitless? Or: comfort your husband and feel ashamed of this person. Or: its spirit of qi is not for great men, but for this thing, so there are fewer stones in southern Chu. Both, I don't believe it. "
The author's feelings are closely combined with the feelings of life experience in the above articles. If you believe that there is a will in heaven, then the author's condemnation is providence, so don't worry about injustice. If you believe that these beautiful scenery are used by heaven to comfort sages, you will inevitably be narcissistic and forget your grievances of persecution. Because the author doesn't believe in these things, he combines his personal life experience with mountains and rivers, so that he writes in harmony. From these landscapes, the author shows that he doesn't believe in providence and laments his ideological interest in persecution:
Pay you with a cavity of worry, how much worry!
Reading and thinking in hand
Yongzhou, now Lingling, Hunan Province, was still an underdeveloped area in the Tang Dynasty, remote and desolate. Yongzhou Sima is only a nominal position for placing exiled officials. As an innovator with great political aspirations, Liu Zongyuan is always worried about being persecuted more seriously under such circumstances, and his depression and anguish can be imagined. But it is in such a harsh environment that Liu Zongyuan has made such brilliant and outstanding achievements. How do you feel after reading it?
Puzzle reference
The ten years in Yongzhou can be said to be the most difficult, difficult and lonely years in Liu Zongyuan's life, but as the saying goes, misfortune is a blessing, and misfortune is a blessing. This decade's poverty has really created the peerless demeanor of ancient Chinese writers. In this environment, in this mood, Liu Zongyuan's melancholy talent was strongly inspired. He spoke as a text, so he was sad. Eight Notes on Yongzhou, The Snake Catcher's Theory, Three Commandments and Duan Taiwei's Anecdote ... These represent the highest achievement of Liu Zongyuan, and all the famous chapters in the history of prose are written in this remote and lonely Yongzhou. Fortunately and unfortunately, I can say it!
Option 2: Camel Biography of Planting Trees
Guide reading
The ancients were diligent in planting trees, which benefited them. Therefore, the poems of literati in past dynasties were inspired, and they often recited their favorite poems on trees. Tao Yuanming planted five willows in front of the door after retiring in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, leaving a poem of "lingering under the window, willow dense in front of the hall". When Du Fu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wandered around Huanhuaxi, Chengdu, Sichuan due to the war, he asked local acquaintances for peach saplings. "A hundred peaches were planted in the air, and Huanhuaxi was sent before spring came" is a vivid portrayal. Liu Zongyuan, known as "Liu Chi", planted many trees along the coast of Liuzhou after being demoted to the history of Liu Ci, and once left the saying that "Liu Ci Shi Liu Jiang planted trees". His essay "The Biography of Planting Camels" is not only of high scientific value for guiding tree planting, but also of great allegorical significance.
main body
Tree planting and camel transmission
Guo tuo, I don't know the name. Sick and sick, there are camel-like people, camels in their hometown. The camel listened and said, "Very good. Say my name. " Because of its name, it also calls itself Camel Cloud.
Its hometown is Fengle Township, to the west of Chang 'an. Camel industry plants trees, which are welcomed by rich people in Chang 'an. They keep sightseeing and sell fruits. Trees planted by camels, or migrated, survived; Besides, it is lush and there are really few fleas here. Although other growers are watching the effect, it can't be like this.
When someone asked, he said, "Camels can't make trees survive and reproduce, which is in line with the nature of trees, so their nature is not good." As far as the nature of planting trees is concerned, it should be comfortable, its cultivation should be flat, its soil should be ancient and its buildings should be dense. Now that you're gone, don't move, don't worry, don't look back. If you are a child, if you are abandoned, it will be perfect and your nature will be good. Therefore, I don't harm its long-term, and I don't have to be strong. Actually, it's just that it's not a flea, but it's also a flea. Others are not: roots are fists, and soil is easy. It is also cultivated, and if it is not too much, it will be inferior. If you have the ability to do the opposite, you will love too much and worry too much. I looked at it and caressed it, but I had already left, looking back; What's more, it scratches its skin with its claws to test its health and dryness, shakes its roots to observe its density, and the properties of wood are separated from it every day. Although you love it, it is actually harmful; Although I am worried, I hate it, so what can I do if I don't like it? "
The questioner said, "Is it ok to transfer official management by children?" Tuo said, "I only know how to plant trees. Official management is not my business. However, I live in my hometown, and I am good at dealing with people. I was annoyed at his orders. If I am poor, I will die in the disaster. At dusk, the official came and shouted,' The official ordered me to plow, sow, harvest, and weave fleas, so I became a chicken and a dolphin!' Collect drums, beat wood and call them. My little man dropped out of school to become an official, so he has no leisure time. Why should he like my life and protect my nature? Therefore, it is morbid and dangerous. If so, is it similar to our industry? "
The questioner smiled and said, "What a good husband! I asked about raising trees, and I want to raise people. " Pass this story on as an official warning.
Appreciation guidance
It is the traditional practice of ancient literati in China to comment on the emperor or the upper rulers in an allegorical way. The main purpose of this paper is to talk about the essence of obeying the people in order to raise the people and govern the road. However, the article is not dialectical in theory, but by introducing Guo Tuo's experience in raising trees, and then transferring the way of raising trees to official management, skillfully connecting "raising trees" with "raising people" and skillfully explaining the truth of obeying the people to support the people. It exposes and satirizes the harassment and infringement of the harsh policies and orders of the rulers on the people, and puts forward the political proposition of "combining leniency with severity" to make the people live and work in peace and contentment.
Reading and thinking in hand
Analyze the writing characteristics of this fable.
Puzzle reference
1, concise and vivid.
In an article, brevity and vividness cannot coexist easily. This allegorical biography is both concise and vivid. Conciseness embodies the characteristics of historical biography, while vividness contains literary interest. For example, the first paragraph introduces the characters, and only uses the words "Long Ran Fu Xing" to write the image characteristics of the characters; And use "good. The words "I am solid" describe the character. In this way, through concise narration and vivid description, an extraordinary "camel" image will come to the fore. In just a few words, this perfect combination of historical writing and literary expression shows the author's superb language expression ability.
2. Contrast and contrast.
The starting point of this biography writing is to take "planting trees" as the metaphor of "governing the people", and the writing method of contrast and contrast is also the need of this fable.
Contrast can highlight the characteristics of things, show the differences between things, strengthen the strength of reasoning, and even receive self-evident results. The comparison in this paper is narrative, such as the comparison of two tree planting methods; There are discussions, such as Guo Tuo's induction of his own tree planting methods and his criticism of "others".
Set-off is the writing method of mutual care, which strengthens the expression effect through the remote echo of context or meaning. This paper first talks about "raising trees" and then about "raising people", which is itself written by setting off. In this way, the topic of trees and people will be integrated and complement each other, which will enhance the momentum of the article. For example, Guo Tuo talks about "raising trees", beginning with "I can't make trees live and grow" and ending with "What can I do?" , play a role in strengthening my point of view in self-modesty; The beginning and end of the paragraph "raising people" also echo in this way.
3. Elegant and ironic.
At the end of this article, I express my writing intention in one sentence, that is, "Tell the story as an official warning." It has the characteristics of euphemism and implication, and it is also mixed with humor. Liu Zongyuan's biography is also admonished through stories, which determines his "graceful and ironic" style. This style is basically expressed through the characters' words. For example, in the fourth paragraph, a camel who "knows how to plant trees" can't talk. It is ironic to use a simple metaphor to reveal the disadvantages of official management. Some of these words, such as "Reason is none of my business", "If you are sympathetic, you will die of disaster" and "If you are, it is almost my business", are tactfully humorous and contain endless meanings.
Selected Edition 3: Preface to Yuxi Poetry
Guide reading
There are no pavilions, no romantic leisure, no brilliant and successful career life, only complaints and resentment of being demoted. How can I spit out the obstacles in my chest?
main body
Preface to Yuxi's poems
There is a stream in the sun and a drizzle in the east. Or: ran's family tastes at home, so his surname is, that is. Or: it can be dyed, named after its ability, so it is called dyeing creek. Stupidly touch the crime and plunge into the water. Love is a stream. When you enter the second or third mile, you will get the best. In ancient times, there was the Gong Yu Valley. Nowadays, home is a stream, but its name is uncertain. People who live in the soil are still [teeth] [teeth], so they can't live without many, so they are called Yuxi.
Buying a hill above Yuxi is a silly hill. Walking sixty steps from the northeast of Yu Qiu, you got a spring and bought it. It's a stupid spring. Yuquan six points are all built from the mountain. The confluence bends to the south, which is a stupid ditch. Therefore, it is a foolish pool to carry earth and stone and block its pass. To the east of Yugong Pool is Yugong Hall. To the south of it is a stupid pavilion. In the pool, it is a stupid island. The dislocation of beautiful trees and different stones is a wonder of mountains and rivers, so that they can grow old, but salt can humiliate their stupidity.
A wise man is happy when there is plenty of water. Today, it's shameful for a person to look at a fool. Why? Cover it with water, so it can't be irrigated; It's steep and rocky, so big ships can't get in. Quiet and shallow, the dragon disdains, can't have sex, can't benefit the world, and is suitable for giving, but it can humiliate fools.
Ning Wuzi said that "the country is stupid without Tao" and wisdom is stupid. Yan Zi "does not violate like a fool all day long", no matter how sharp he is, he is also a fool. No one will be really stupid. Today, I got the right treatment, but I went against my mind and did something wrong. So, whoever is a fool is a fool. If you are a husband, you can't fight for the world, you can be famous for it.
Although the stream is not beneficial to the world, it is good at learning all kinds of things, clear and transparent, and can make fools laugh and admire, but not go. Although giving does not conform to the custom, it is equivalent to masturbating with pen and ink, washing everything, and holding various cages without taboo. Singing silly songs, I am at a loss, but I don't violate them. Unconsciously, all roads lead to the same goal, surpassing the HarmonyOS system, hanging out with foreigners, enjoying myself and not knowing what to say. So he wrote "Poems of Eight Fools" and recorded it on a flowing stone.
Overall appreciation
Reading Liu Zongyuan's Preface to Yuxi Poetry is not only because of his unevenness, but also because of the ingenious artistic techniques of the article. As the ancients said, if it is unfair, it will sound. Liu Zongyuan's resentment in a sinister situation can't be said, but he dare not say it directly; You can't help complaining, but you dare not complain directly. Because one careless move will cost you your life Rainbow Wen Shu. Liu Zongyuan is a master of prose after all. As a preface to Eight Fools' Poems, this preface to Yuxi Poems skillfully expresses his heartfelt wishes.
Throughout, "stupidity" is the clue. "Stupidity" is everywhere, but where is it? It is not difficult to find the answer by reading the article. There are Yuxi, Yu Qiu, Yuquan, Fish Ditch, Fish Pond, Fish Soup and Fish Path in this article. It seems that this "stupidity" lies in mountains and rivers. But what's so stupid about mountains and rivers? There is no doubt that the author is talking about people through streams and comparing himself with streams. The article says, "Suitable for giving."
So what do Liu Zongyuan and Yu Xi have in common? "Cover it, don't irrigate it", "don't have sex, don't benefit the world". Is Liu Zongyuan really stupid and useless? A little understanding of the author and his writing background will reveal that he is not "stupid" at all. He entered the North Korean government and tried to reform, but failed and was demoted because he touched the interests of those in power. Since Liu Zongyuan is not stupid, who is stupid? This question touches the key of the article. Liu Zongyuan devoted himself to the reform of the country and the people, but no one saw his loyalty and stood on the side of justice when he was attacked. Who is the fool, is it not clear? Step by step, we can know that the author is hurting himself with "stupidity", which is an irony: all people are "stupid" and only I know it. After reading this step, I can understand why Liu Zongyuan made such an accusation instead of being killed. It turned out that he hid his ideas behind layers of cover.
Reading and thinking in hand
Why does the author say that Ning Wuzi and Yan Zi "can't be real fools"?
Puzzle reference
Here, the author comprehensively uses the methods of contrast and contrast to highlight his "stupidity". Ning Wuzi can distinguish "Tao" from "no Tao", and "Tao" is "wisdom" and "no Tao" is "stupidity", which shows that it is not really "stupidity"; Although Yan Zi never raised different opinions when listening to Confucius' lectures, he really understood what the teacher said, which showed that he got the message, but he just didn't say it. This is not really "stupid". And "I" met a wise monarch but said unreasonable things and did unreasonable things. This is the real "stupidity". The author said that Ning Wuzi and Yan Zi "can't be real fools". First, judging from the facts, these two people are really "still wiser than fools". More importantly, it can fully show that only they are real fools. In self-mockery, the injustice in my heart and my dissatisfaction with Xianzong are very strong, leaving no handle.
Fourth, anecdotes
(1) Downgrading Liuzhou
Liu Zongyuan lived in Yongzhou for ten years. At the age of forty-three, I suddenly received a letter from the emperor asking him to go to Beijing. He was so happy that he thought he could go back to his hometown again.
Liu Zongyuan was summoned to Beijing together with his good friend Liu Yuxi and other four demoted officials. It turned out that some ministers in power at that time pitied their talents and suggested recalling them for use. But as soon as they arrived in Chang 'an, some ministers who hated them immediately spoke ill of them in front of Tang Xianzong:
"Your majesty, Liu Zongyuan and his gang bear a grudge against you, but they can't reuse it!"
"Your majesty, they have what" innovation ",just want to work, ambition can be big! In any case, you can't leave them in the court to be an official! "
Tang Xianzong listened to the straight nod. Within a month, five officials, including Liu Zongyuan, were sent to remote areas as officials. Liu Zongyuan was sent to Liuzhou (now Liuzhou, Guangxi) to be the governor of a certain state. Although the official position is higher than Sima, the place is farther and more remote than Yongzhou. In fact, it is another exile. Although Liu Zongyuan was disappointed, he still went and did a good thing for the people. At that time, Liuzhou was overgrown with vegetation, sparsely populated, frequented by poisonous snakes and beasts, and theft and robbery became a common practice. Most of the residents live in huts, most of them are illiterate and superstitious, and the mortality rate of people and animals is high, and there is a desolate and horrible atmosphere everywhere.
Liu Zongyuan is determined to change the face here. He formulated a series of laws and took various measures to lead the people to reclaim wasteland, develop production, plant trees, rectify public order and set up schools, which made Liuzhou have a new atmosphere in a short time. He also released more than 1000 maids to reunite with their families.
In spring, he went to Qiu Lai. In a blink of an eye, Liu Zongyuan has been in Liuzhou for more than three years. At the beginning, the willows he planted by the river were already shaded by trees. This symbolizes his work achievements in recent years and makes him feel happy. He intends to do more good for the people. However, due to overwork and poor living conditions, his health became worse and worse, and he finally fell ill. After treatment by local famous doctors, the effect is not good. The following winter, Liu Zongyuan died at the age of 47.
(2) Please transfer rachel.
Just when Liu Zongyuan was transferred to Liuzhou Secretariat, Liu Yuxi was also transferred to Bozhou. Liu Zongyuan felt that Bozhou was too bitter to live in. Liu Yuxi had an old mother in the hall and couldn't bear to go there to suffer. But if his mother doesn't go with rachel, it may be mother and son forever.
So, he wrote to the emperor, requesting to exchange his position of Liuzhou secretariat with Liu Yuxi and let Liu Yuxi go to Liuzhou to broadcast the state himself. In order to fulfill a friend's filial piety, he volunteered to go to an "uninhabited" place to suffer, and may never get out. His lofty spirit is really admirable.
Due to Liu Zongyuan's request and other ministers' intercession, Liu Yuxi was finally transferred to Lianzhou, and Liu Zongyuan still worked in Liuzhou. This event not only goes down in history, but is often written by later generations when editing anthologies of Tang poetry and writers' profiles.
(3) Pawning
After Liu Zongyuan went to Liuzhou, he found that the poor people in Liuzhou often pawned their children for money. If the pawn cannot be redeemed at maturity, both the pawnbroker and the pawnbroker will become rich handmaiden. Liu Zongyuan tried his best to redeem these pawnbrokers and go home to reunite with his family. He tried to get those extremely poor people to exchange their labor for pawn money. When all their families died, he used his own money to redeem those pawned people, so that they would not be reduced to the miserable fate of others' handmaiden. His kindness is really a "parent official" and has won the respect and love of the local people. "Traveling thousands of miles south from Zongyuan as a scholar", people admire his personality and articles. After his personal guidance, his articles have made great progress, and people respectfully called him "Liu Liuzhou", and his reputation spread like wildfire.
Five, wonderful quotations
"For 300 miles in Fiona Fang, we can't see anything except a vague forest and mountains, as well as a meandering river in our stomachs."
"The husband's malpractice is nothing more than bribery and chaos."
"If you want to become hundreds of billions, you can go to the top to see your hometown."
"The hibiscus flowers on the moat were blown high by the wind, and the vines on the wall were whipped by the oblique rain. Nothing can be seen within three hundred miles, only a vague forest and mountains, and nine winding rivers. "
6. Appreciation of excellent works
Liu Zongyuan's Time and Space
Nature makes people. Whether it is free and easy Li Bai, serious Du Fu, loyal Qu Yuan or natural Tao Qian, it seems that people can't escape the trick of fate, and they can't get what they pursue, but they can't get what they yearn for, and Liu Zongyuan, who is persistent and noble, is no exception.