Adolescent health knowledge? Physiological characteristics of adolescence
First, the body shape changes obviously.
(a) height, weight, chest circumference increased significantly.
In the stage of sudden height increase, the growth and development of all parts of the human body are asynchronous, such as the upper and lower limbs growing faster than the spine. Even after the human body is fully mature, the weight is still increasing, which is closely related to the growth of bones, muscles and fat. In appearance, on average, men are taller and heavier than women; Male Adam's apple is prominent, and female neck is round and flat; Male shoulders are wide and female shoulders are narrow; Male chest muscles are thick and female breasts are plump; Male iliac bone is narrow and female iliac bone is wide; Male shoulder width is wider than ilium, and female ilium width is wider than shoulder width; Men have well-developed musculoskeletal structures, and sometimes they can see spindle angles, while women have fat deposits, often showing curves. So young women look plump and young men look strong.
(2) The function of all tissues and organs in the whole body gradually improved.
Various systems and internal organs of the body develop rapidly, and their physiological functions are enhanced and their efficiency is improved. For example, the heart development has reached 12 ~ 14 times of that at birth, and its weight and function are close to the adult standard. The lung function is obviously improved, and the respiratory ability of the lung is increased. The vital capacity is about 1.400 ml in teenagers, and it increases to 2000-2500 ml at the age of 14 ~ 15, and to 4800 ml at the age of 22. Although the development of the brain has not changed much in weight and capacity, the neural structure of the brain has gradually developed to be basically close to that of adults. The function of nerve transmitting information should be improved by 8 ~ 10 times, so the thinking ability is active and the reaction ability to things is improved; Strong curiosity, accurate coordination of various fine movements; Reasoning and analysis ability and memory have been enhanced. People's hematopoietic function and immune function have doubled.
Second, the emergence of secondary sexual characteristics.
Because the difference between men and women is decided at the moment of conception, it has developed and formed in the fetal period. After the newborn is born, we can distinguish the different characteristics of men and women from the appearance of genitals, which is medically called? The first characteristic? . The second personality characteristic is the body shape difference that shows the gender difference between men and women except genitalia. Secondary sexual characteristics? . Due to the differences in geography, environment, heredity, nutrition and other factors, there are individual differences in secondary sexual characteristics.
Third, the reproductive organs are developing rapidly.
After birth, people distinguish between men and women because of the identification of external genitalia. However, at that time men had testicles and women had ovaries. Testicles and ovaries are important organs for sexual development of adolescent men and women. They can not only secrete sperm and eggs, but also secrete their own sex hormones. Only the secretion of sex hormones can improve their sexual characteristics and sexual function.
(A) the anatomy and physiology of male reproductive organs
Male genitalia is divided into external genitalia and internal genitalia. The external genitalia includes penis, urethra and scrotum, and the internal genitalia includes testis and vas deferens. The vas deferens are divided into epididymis, vas deferens and accessory glands (seminal vesicle gland, prostate gland and urethral ball gland).
1, penis It is a sexual organ used by men to urinate and ejaculate.
2, scrotum. The scrotum contains two testicles, left and right, separated by the scrotum. The temperature change of scrotum is very sensitive. When it is cold, the scrotum contracts, and the inside of the testis is raised, which is close to the body temperature. When heated, the scrotum relaxes and the heat dissipation area expands. This change is very important to regulate the temperature of testis, which is the need of normal development and survival of sperm.
3, testicles. Male gonad is an organ that produces sperm and secretes androgen (testosterone). Testicles are oval, and epididymis is attached to the top of each testis.
4, vas deferens. Epididymis, vas deferens and three accessory glands. Epididymis is used to store sperm. It can also promote sperm to continue to mature. The tail of epididymis is connected with vas deferens and seminal vesicle, and the seminal vesicle is connected with ejaculatory duct, which passes through prostate and connects with urethra. The fluids secreted by seminal vesicle gland, prostate gland and urethral ball gland meet to form semen.
(2) Anatomy and physiology of female reproductive organs
Female reproductive organs are divided into external genitalia and internal genitalia. External genitalia (also known as vulva) includes pubic mound, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibular gland, urethral orifice, hymen and so on. Internal genitalia include vagina, uterus, fallopian tube and ovary.
Yin Fu 1. In the vulva before pubic symphysis, after puberty, subcutaneous fat thickens and pubic hair gradually grows.
2, labia majora. Below the pubic mound, a pair of raised skin wrinkles are located on both sides of the vulva. The labia majora is closed at the midline, covering the labia minora, vaginal orifice and urethral orifice for protection.
3, labia minora. It is a pair of wrinkled skin walls located inside the labia majora. Thin and soft, without subcutaneous fat, rich in sebaceous glands and sweat glands, and moist on the surface. The labia minora of adolescent girls is closed, which plays a role in protecting vagina and internal genitalia and is a part of the natural defense function of female vulva.
4. clitoris. Located at the intersection in front of the labia minora on both sides, it is a small cylinder and is a sensitive area of sex.
5. Vestibular gland (papillary gland). Invisible to the outside, it is located on both sides of the vagina and opens on the inside of the labia minora. Vestibular gland is equivalent to male urethral gland, which can secrete a small amount of liquid to lubricate vagina.
6. Hymen. It is a thin layer of mucous membrane covering the vaginal opening, with a hole in the middle, from which women's menstrual blood flows every month.
7. vagina It is a cylindrical tube between the external genitalia and the uterus. Women's menstruation flows from this pipe, and the mucus secreted by the vagina is often mixed with the cells shed from the vaginal wall? Leucorrhea
8, the uterus. It is a thick-walled organ with a cavity, shaped like an upside-down pear. The left and right sides above the uterus are connected with the fallopian tube, which is the opening of the fallopian tube. The lower end of the uterus is called the cervix, and the cervix communicates with the vagina. After a girl's puberty, the endometrium will fall off once a month to form menstruation. Speaking of being a mother, the uterus is where the fetus grows.
9, fallopian tube. It is a pair of slender and curved tubular organs, which are located on both sides of the uterus and open to the abdominal cavity.
10, ovary. It is a female gonad, and it is an organ that produces eggs and secretes sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone). It is located under the fallopian tubes on both sides of the uterus and presents a pair of flat ellipsoids. There are actually tens of thousands of eggs in women's ovaries, but only about 400 eggs are discharged during the whole growth period.
Adolescent health knowledge? Adolescent health care
First, the contents and requirements of adolescent health care
Although teenagers grow rapidly in physical form, intelligence, activity ability and so on, they are close to adults, but compared with adults, they are immature, inexperienced, often bold, easily influenced by various factors in the environment and prone to accidents. Therefore, adolescent health care should be guided by these physiological and psychological characteristics of adolescents.
Second, health care.
(1) Reasonable nutrition
Because puberty grows and develops rapidly, the nutrition you need should be obtained from daily food, and you must not rely on various "nutritional supplements" every day. Food is rich in nutrients, including protein, carbohydrates (also known as sugar), fat, vitamins, mineral trace elements and water, which are the seven nutrients needed by human body.
If the quality and quantity of nutrition can not meet the needs, it will affect the normal growth and development, and more attention should be paid to the supplement of calories when the workload increases. The nutritional problems in this period are not only directly influenced by family economic conditions and social development level, but also influenced by teenagers' eating habits, thoughts and emotions or psychological and social factors. Therefore, on the issue of dietary nutrition, we should not only popularize nutritional knowledge, pay attention to the collocation of nutritional ingredients, but also cultivate good eating habits, so as to eat regularly and quantitatively, without overeating, partial eclipse and picky eaters.
Young people need more protein, fat and carbohydrates to meet the needs of tissue growth, which can be obtained from all kinds of meat, animal offal, eggs and fish food; Bean products are rich in protein, so animal protein and plant protein should be matched with each other, not just meat. Water, multivitamins, minerals and trace elements are all indispensable, so the principle of dietary allocation should be diversified, coarse and fine, well-known and rare, with many varieties and sufficient quantity. This will provide sufficient nutrition for a vibrant body.
(2) Personal hygiene
To educate teenagers to understand their own physiological characteristics and cultivate good personal habits, we must first arrange life, work and study reasonably, have proper exercise, have normal entertainment and rest.
Secondly, good hygiene habits are closely related to health promotion and disease prevention. Personal hygiene includes oral hygiene, eye hygiene and correct writing, reading and standing posture to prevent dental caries, myopia and spinal curvature.
Third, pay attention to physical exercise and proper labor. This can promote development, enhance physical fitness and improve disease resistance. Only with planning and content, step by step, can it be effective.
Fourth, adequate sleep can help you recover from fatigue faster, just sleep for 7-8 hours every day.
The last point is that young people should not get into the hobby of smoking and drinking. Smoking and drinking will do harm to cardiovascular system, respiratory system and willpower. Young people often start smoking and drinking out of curiosity, but once these bad behaviors become hobbies, they will often become addicted to drugs and alcohol, which will not only endanger their physical and mental health, but also be prone to accidents.
(3) reproductive health
1, phimosis: phimosis is that the foreskin completely covers the penis head, and the foreskin mouth is small, so the foreskin cannot be completely turned out of the penis head. The scale in the skin is not easy to clean, and it is easy to infect the foreskin and glans penis to form inflammation. Scales can even form foreskin stones. If the foreskin mouth is too small, it will easily induce urethritis, lead to urethral stricture, dysuria and even affect renal function. It is reported that penile cancer often occurs.
2, the foreskin is too long: about 29.7% of adults have too long foreskin, which completely covers the penis head but the foreskin mouth is very loose. The foreskin can be turned up to completely expose the penis head. Patients with long foreskin often have skin scale accumulation, inflammation, erosion and adhesion. Neglecting local cleaning can also lead to penis inflammation, balanitis and urethritis. In both cases, it is best to circumcise the foreskin early.
In order to prevent genital diseases and clean the male genitals, besides scrubbing the penis and scrotum, the foreskin should be pushed up to expose the glans completely, and then washed with warm water to reduce irritation. The water temperature should not exceed 60℃.
After puberty, boys will have nocturnal emission. After each nocturnal emission, you should not only change your underwear, but also scrub your penis in time. Need to be reminded that you must not play with your penis when cleaning, so as not to induce masturbation.
Change underwear frequently and keep the external genitals clean. It is best to choose cotton fabric with good air permeability for underwear. A little looser. Testicles are suitable for slightly lower temperatures. If the underwear is too tight, it will affect the spermatogenic function of the testis and affect the future fertility. You should also pay attention to protecting your testicles during exercise. Testis is an important organ of human body, which is very fragile and vulnerable because of its anatomical and physiological characteristics.
3. Menstrual hygiene: Menstruation is a physiological phenomenon when women mature. The main manifestation is the periodic change of endometrium under the influence of ovarian hormones, which falls off once a month. Exfoliated endometrium is discharged from vagina with blood, which is called menstruation. Normal menstrual cycle is generally 28 days, 20~40 days normal, menstrual period is 3~5 days, 2~7 days normal. It's the first time for a girl to menstruate. The time of menstruating this time is menarche, and then menstruating once a month is a menstrual cycle. If you don't pay attention to hygiene during menstruation, you will be easily affected by the external and internal environment and produce various diseases. Especially in adolescence, when menstruation has just arrived, the reproductive system has not yet fully developed. Short-term amenorrhea or menstrual cycle disorder often occurs within one or two years after menarche. Sometimes, menstrual disorder, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, excessive or insufficient menstrual flow are caused by environmental changes, emotional fluctuations, cold stimulation or overwork, so attention should be paid to menstrual hygiene.