The first chapter is the philosophical and psychological thoughts of Britain and France from17th century to19th century.

1.17-1the main features of British and French psychological thoughts in the 9th century.

17 to 19 century British and French psychological thought has three main characteristics:

First, psychology still belongs to the category of philosophical psychology;

Secondly, the theoretical source of psychology is mainly based on the philosophical thoughts of Descartes and Locke;

Thirdly, philosophical psychology is mainly based on empiricism, association theory and feeling theory.

Second, Descartes' psychological thought.

Rene descartes (1596- 1650) is a famous representative of modern dualism and China's nationalist rationalism, an outstanding mathematician and physicist, and one of the founders of bourgeois philosophical psychology.

The main points of Descartes' psychological thought are:

1) thinks that people's ideas come from three aspects: one is innate, that is, innate, such as God's ideas and mathematical axioms; The second is from the outside, such as feeling; Third, it is artificial, as imagined.

2) Put forward the concepts of reflection and reflex arc. Descartes, from the viewpoint of mechanical materialism, according to the experimental principles of optics, mechanics and anatomy, and inspired by Harvey's mechanical explanation of blood, put forward the famous conclusion that animals are machines, put forward the hypothesis of stimulating melons, and revealed the essence of reflection and reflex arc.

3) Put forward the dualistic view of "mind-body resonance" in the relationship between body and mind. On the relationship between mind and matter, Descartes believes that there are so-called spiritual entities besides material entities in the world. Mind and body are not only two fundamentally different things, but also things that can influence each other and cause and effect each other. Descartes thought that the pineal gland was the place where the body and mind were sympathetic according to the anatomical knowledge at that time.

In a word, Descartes' psychological thought is dualistic. Although this dualism was wrong in theory, it was still progressive under the condition that religion and theology were dominant at that time, which opened up new prospects for the new methodology of determinism in the most complicated field of life activities.

Third, Hobbes' psychological thought.

Thomas Hobbes (1588- 1679) is the successor of Bacon's materialism and the pioneer of modern British materialist empiricism and associative psychology. . The main points of his psychological thought are:

1) advocates that all psychological phenomena are the result of material movement.

2) Use association to explain people's imagination and thinking. Hobbes discussed the nature and types of association, and he was the pioneer of associative psychology.

Fourthly, Locke's psychological thought.

John Locke (1632- 1704) is a famous philosopher, politician and educator of modern bourgeoisie, a typical representative of modern materialist empirical psychology and an advocate of associative psychology. Locke's psychological thought had a great influence on later England and France. As Lenin pointed out, "Becquerel and Diderot both originated from Herlock."

The main points of Locke's psychological thought are:

1) opposes Descartes' "theory of natural concept" and puts forward "whiteboard theory". It is believed that all human concepts "are ultimately derived from experience". Locke believes that the concept of knowledge comes from two kinds of experience: one is external experience, that is, feeling, which is produced by objective external objects stimulating our senses; The other is internal experience, that is, introspection, which is obtained through the experience of the internal activities of people's "mind". Because Locke attributed the source of thought to material and spiritual aspects, he fell into double empiricism and opened the door to idealism empiricism.

2) Locke divided the concept of feeling into "primary qualitative concept" and "secondary qualitative concept". Although Locke admits that all sensory concepts are caused by external stimuli, he does not think that all sensory concepts are "real images" of external stimuli. He divided the concept of feeling into two categories: one is the concept of primary mass, that is, the concepts of volume, extension, shape, motion and stillness of objects, which are similar to their own prototypes and are "real images or portraits" of these attributes. For example, take a piece of wheat and divide it into two parts, each part still has the attributes of volume, shape and breadth. If you continue to divide, you won't see all the parts, and each part still maintains these attributes. Another qualitative concept called the second sex, that is, the concepts of color, sound, taste, smell, etc., completely changes with the change of the subject, and there is no matching prototype at all, only the inducement that causes this feeling in the object at most. For example, the same fire, we feel warm when we are far away, and burn when we are close. For another example, a stone is colorless in the dark, but when the light shines on it, we feel red and white. Therefore, Locke believes that the concepts of warmth and burning pain, red and white are not the images of objective things, but a subjective feeling produced by the subject after accepting the role of primary quality. If our senses don't feel, these attributes no longer exist. He also said that these ideas were created by God as "signs to distinguish things from each other", and they were not a reflective relationship with external things, but only a "corresponding" relationship. In this way, although Locke's explanation of the qualitative concept of the first sex is materialistic, the explanation of the qualitative concept of the second sex deviates from the materialistic reflection theory because it exaggerates the relativity of knowledge and slides to the idealistic symbol theory. This point was later used and developed by the subjective idealist Becquerel.

3) Locke divides concepts into "simple concepts" and "complex concepts": one is simple concepts, which are caused by a simple phenomenon of objects. For example, we say that lilies have a fragrant smell and a white color. Fragrance and white are two simple concepts. It is not created by the mind, but by feeling or thinking. He also put the concept of "moving" produced by the direct combination of vision and touch, and classified the concepts of "forbearance" and "desire" formed by self-observation of reason and will as simple concepts, which is obviously wrong. The other is the complex concept, that is, the simple concept is composed of combination, connection and separation. For example, the complex concept of "friend" is produced by the combination of simple concepts such as "person", "friendship", "sympathy" and "happiness". Locke believes that simple ideas are passive and imposed by the outside world, and can be used as the original materials of knowledge. Complex concepts need the dynamic role of reason, which is reflected in the process of combining simple concepts into complex concepts. Locke regards complex concepts as only the mechanical summation of simple concepts, which shows that he doesn't know the process from simple to complex, that is, from perceptual to rational, so he says that general abstract concepts are only "nominal essence" and can't reveal the essence and laws of things. This makes Locke's idealism fall into a narrow metaphysical empiricism.

4) The word "association" was first put forward by Locke in the history of European psychology. Locke believes that there are two kinds of association of ideas: "natural association" and "learned association". He said: "some of our ideas are naturally combined with each other ... in addition to these combinations, there is another combination, which is entirely due to opportunity and habit." He pays more attention to the latter. People think that habit is a power to condense thoughts. This is the beginning of the multiple law in the later associative law. Locke not only used the principle of association to explain the combination of ideas, but also used it to explain the formation of emotions and their importance to children's education.

Fifth, the psychological thoughts of Becquerel and Hume.

George Berkeley, 1

George berkeley (1685 ~ 1753) is the originator of modern subjective idealism and the main representative of British idealism empirical psychology.

Becker's psychological thought is mainly manifested in:

First of all, Becker's view of psychological essence is based on idealism and empiricism. From this, he came to the formula of subjective idealism: "Being is perceived", thus denying the existence of the objective world.

Secondly, association theory is the main method of Becquerel's idealism and empiricism. When Becker denies the objective world and describes experience as the only existence, he often uses the principle of association to explain the formation process of various psychological phenomena. He believes that there are three kinds of people's ideas: one is the idea obtained directly through feeling; Second, the concepts of inner feelings and functional perception (self-reflection); The third is the concept of memory and imagination. The formation of these three concepts is inseparable from people's association. At the same time, he also believes that association is also a means for people to distinguish emotions.

Finally, Becker put forward some valuable opinions on spatial perception. According to the principle of experience and association, he advocates that spatial perception is the result of the combination of experience of vision, touch and kinesthetic impression.

2. Hume

David hume (171-1776) is the main representative of agnosticism in modern Europe, and also an idealist and empiricist psychological thinker. His main works are: Theory of Human Nature (1739- 1740), Research on Human Reason (1748) and On the Immortality of the Soul after Death.

Starting from idealism and empiricism, Hume attributed everything in the world to subjective phenomenon or experience, emphasizing that perception is the only object of philosophical psychology research. It is believed that "nothing really exists in the mind except the perception or impression and concept of the mind." Secondly, Hume analyzed the formation and principle of "I think", and attributed the formation of association to two situations: one is a complex concept connected by simple concepts. In his view, there are three laws in the formation of association: similarity law, time-space reaching law and causality law.

The psychological thoughts of Becker and Hume belong to the category of subjective idealism and empiricism, which have had a great influence on the development of Mahism and some western schools of psychology. On the other hand, they are pioneers of modern associative psychology, and have expressed some valuable views on the formation of spatial perception, the distinction between impression and concept, and the analysis of the nature, types and laws of association, which has promoted the further development of associative psychology.

Sixth, the psychological thought of English and Scottish associationists.

1, hartle

Hartle (1705- 1757) is the founder of associative psychology.

First of all, on the relationship between mind and matter, hartle opposed Locke's introspection theory and admitted that feeling is the source of knowledge. Secondly, in the relationship between body and mind, although hartle is an egalitarian dualist, he has a distinct materialistic tendency, and he uses classical vibration to explain psychological phenomena. He also believes that the difference between ideas and feelings is not that the corresponding vibration of ideas is less than that of feelings, but that the vibration that causes ideas is initially caused by the vibration in the nerves and has always existed in the brain. Finally, hartle is also the official founder of associative psychology. Hartley attaches great importance to the role of association and insists on using association to explain various psychological phenomena. He believes that there are two kinds of association: simultaneous association and successive association, and that all three traditional association laws can be summed up as one law, that is, the neighborhood law. It is said that the law of proximity is the fundamental law of association. In addition, hartle also proposed three second-order associative laws. Hartle believes that not only feelings and thoughts are interrelated, but also feelings and actions, thoughts and actions, actions and actions. In a word, all psychological phenomena are the result of association. Neural vibration theory explains the physiological basis of association.

2. brown

Brown (1778- 1820) is a representative of the Scottish school. The main psychological works are: Philosophy of Human Mind.

First of all, Brown replaced the concept of "association" with "hint". There are two kinds of "tips": one is a simple tip, which is what others call association, such as hearing a friend's voice in the next room and thinking of his face; The other is relationship suggestion, that is, when you perceive or imagine two objects, you immediately perceive the relationship between them. For example, if you look at two things, you think this is bigger than that. Secondly, Brown put forward nine auxiliary laws of association. Thirdly, Brown put forward the concept of "psychochemistry". Brown believes that it is a complex psychological state caused by "tips"; It is not only a collection, but also a fusion. Finally, Brown put forward the theory of spatial perception. There are two main contents: first, it emphasizes that perception is not only the connection of sensory data, but also the potential of people to master relationships. The second is to point out the importance of muscle sensation in spatial perception.

3. James Mill

James mill (1773 ~ 1836) is an important communicator of associative psychology.

First of all, he analyzed the sources and elements of psychological phenomena. Starting from the tradition of empiricism and associationism, he believed that all psychological phenomena originated from feeling and tried to increase the component of association. Secondly, he analyzed the types of association. He believes that there are two kinds of associations: one is simultaneous association, for example, when you see a stone, you always perceive it in combination with its hardness, color, shape, size and weight. This situation is not uncommon. The other is sequential association. Secondly, he insisted on "proximity rule" as the main association rule, and added two auxiliary association rules: vividness and frequency. Finally, he insisted on the viewpoint of "mechanical psychology". In his view, complex concepts are not chemical combinations, but mechanical combinations.

4. John Mill

John Mill (1806- 1873), son of james mill, is a philosopher, economist and associated psychologist.

On the issue of association, Little Mill differs from his father in at least two aspects: First, he opposes ignoring the initiative of association and regards association as an active connection. He absorbed the unity and initiative of the mind. The second is to oppose the theory of psychomechanics and advocate the theory of psychochemistry. Secondly, he also expressed his views on the law of association. Finally, he also put forward his own views on the independence of psychology. He believes that psychology should be an independent science. Therefore, we should pay attention to the study of the laws between various psychological States from the psychological phenomenon itself, and pay attention to distinguishing between psychology and physiology.

5. Paine

Pein (1818-1903) is the most important representative of associative psychology, and also a psychologist who has made the transition from philosophical psychology to experimental psychology.

First of all, Paine is a theorist with parallel mind and body, which has played a great role in the establishment of physiological psychology. According to the prevailing law of conservation of energy at that time, he thought that the body was a self-enclosed material system, and the body and mind were parallel to each other, not causal, but moved by themselves according to the principle of conservation of energy. Secondly, Paine put forward a new view on the law and type of association. He disagreed with james mill's combination of similarity law and contrast law into proximity law, and advocated that the law of association should include control proximity law and similarity law, especially put forward the problems of "compound association law" and "construction association law".

Psychological thoughts of French materialists in the seventh and eighteenth centuries

/kloc-the main feature of French materialist psychology thought in the 0/8th century is that people are machines, and from the point of view of physiology and brain function, it advocates the emergence, development and reform of psychology. And put sensualism psychology in an important position.

/kloc-there are two sources of French materialist psychology thought in the 0/8th century: one comes from Descartes, with La Mattelli as the main representative; The other is the origin of Herlock, represented by helvetius, Diderot, Holbach and Condilac.

1, condition c

Tiena Bono de Condilac (17 15- 1780) is an activist of the French bourgeois enlightenment movement and a representative figure of sensory psychology. It is the characteristic of Condilac's psychological thought to develop Locke's materialist empirical psychological thought into sensualism psychological thought.

First of all, he insisted on Locke's materialism and empiricism, and admitted that feeling was the source of all knowledge. Secondly, he ruled out Locke's wrong view that "introspection" is the second source of thought. In his view; There is only one source of ideas, and that is feeling. He adhered to the principle of materialistic determinism and overcame Locke's incompleteness. But he went to the other extreme, and attributed all kinds of psychological processes to feelings in disguise.

2. Ramatelli

Julian O 'Frye La Mattelli (1709- 175 1) was an early representative of French materialist philosophy and psychology in the18th century.

First of all, he put forward the famous diagnosis that "man is a machine". He praised Descartes' mechanical materialism thought that "animals are machines", but thought that Descartes did not carry this thought through to the end, so he further affirmed that "people are just machines". While pursuing Cartesian materialism, he completely ignored the sociality and initiative of human beings and fell into the wrong position of mechanical materialism. Secondly, he affirmed that psychology is the attribute of some substance. Finally, he insists that feeling is the only source of knowledge. He opposed Descartes' theory of "natural concept" and Locke's theory of "introspection". Generally speaking, his psychological thought still belongs to the category of mechanical materialism, which also contains some dialectical factors, such as the speculation that the organic world comes from the inorganic world, animals come from plants and people come from animals. These thoughts dealt a powerful blow to religious theology at that time.

3. Diderot

Denis Derot (17 13- 1784) is an outstanding representative of French materialist philosophy and psychology. First of all, he affirmed that sensitivity is a universal characteristic of matter. He believes that every object has a process of formation and development, and the whole nature is in the process of life and death. Secondly, he proposed that consciousness is the attribute of the human brain, and the human brain is the organ of thinking. Finally, he insisted on materialistic sensualism. He not only insists that feeling is the source of all knowledge, but also emphasizes that nature is the universal cause of feeling. At the same time, he also saw the difference and connection between feeling and thinking, and regarded the process of human cognition as a process from feeling to thinking and from thinking to feeling. But he only saw the quantitative difference between thinking and feeling, but didn't see the qualitative difference, so it was impossible to really solve the dialectical relationship between feeling and thinking.

4. helvetius

Claude adrian Helvetius (1715-1771) was a French materialist philosopher and psychologist in the18th century.

First of all, he insists that all psychological activities come from the idea of feeling. It is argued that the source of psychological activities can only be the external objective world, and sensory ability itself is the material reflection of advanced organizations. But he also asserted that "everything can be attributed to feeling". It is a typical performance of mechanical materialism sensory psychology to exaggerate the role of feelings unilaterally and attribute all psychological phenomena to the accumulation of feelings. Secondly, he pointed out the relationship between emotion and need and its promoting effect on behavior. He believes that it is necessary to produce desires and people's experience of whether they are satisfied; Then all kinds of emotions came into being. Finally, he emphasized the decisive role of environment and education in the formation of human character. Helvetius opposed the innate quality determinism, and thought that people either had no inclination at birth or had all kinds of inclinations to the opposite evil and good. He emphasizes the influence of environment and education on people's psychological development, but he doesn't understand that environment is changed by people. As for pinning the hope of reform entirely on education, it is bound to fall into the historical idealism of "education is omnipotent".

5. Holbach

Paul henry Holbach (1723- 1789) was a master of French materialist philosophy and psychology in18th century.

First of all, he put forward the idea that concept is "the image of an object". Based on the principle of materialist reflection theory, he further explored the specific process of human psychological activities. Secondly, he insists that psychology is the function of the brain. He believes that people's psychological activities are always adapted to our organs. Finally, he attaches great importance to the important role of feeling in the whole psychological activity. In his view, feeling about ourselves is the first function we see in the living, and it is also the kind of function from which all other functions are derived.

French materialist psychology provided important arguments for mechanical materialism and became a powerful weapon against feudal church rule and bourgeois revolution at that time. This view of applying mechanical materialism to psychology, though unscientific, was progressive under the historical conditions at that time. It resolutely abandons the substantiality of the soul, adheres to the principle of materialistic determinism, and regards psychological activities as the product of the internal and external environment of the human body and educational physiological activities. Some theoretical issues, such as the relationship between man and machine, psychology and environment, education, image and object, psychology and physiology, brain, feeling and other psychological processes, emotion and need, will and motivation, have a direct impact on the development of Bona's and Cabanis's physiological psychology thoughts.

The second chapter is 17 to 19 century German philosophy and psychology.

Objective: To understand the psychological points of Leibniz, Wolff, Kant, Herbart, Hegel and Feuerbach, and make a brief comment on them.

1. Briefly describe the psychological thoughts of Kebnitz and Wolff and evaluate them.

2. On the contribution and influence of Kant and Herbart to psychology.

Please describe Hegel's psychological system and historical position.

4. On Feuerbach's psychological thought and its function.

First, Cai Bunitz and Wolff's psychological thought

1, Leibniz

Gothic Flier Wilhelm Leibniz (1646- 17 16) is the pioneer of German classical philosophy and the originator of modern German philosophical psychology.

First of all, "monism" is the theoretical basis of Leibniz's psychological essence. He believes that the list is a dynamic objective spiritual entity and the foundation of everything. Because the list is a closed world and moves according to its own internal laws, it "has no window for the world to go out" and cannot accept the role and influence of the outside world, so the list can only have the characteristics of illuminating things around it like a mirror. In essence, Leibniz's monism about psychological essence is a typical objective idealism. Secondly, the theory of predetermined harmony is Leibniz's theory about the relationship between body and mind. He opposed Disrael's sympathy theory and put forward the idea of "predetermined harmony theory". He believes that the list is isolated, closed, and does not affect each other, but because of God's prior arrangement, the Khan of the whole world is harmonious in the development process. It denies the materialist view of cause and effect, that is, spirit comes from matter. Thirdly, the theory of apperception has guiding significance to the later theories of unconsciousness and apperception. Micro-perception is almost as vague and lethargic as unconsciousness and unconsciousness. Apperception is the consciousness or reflection of one's inner state perception, that is, self-consciousness. With apperception, people have a rational soul and can use concepts for reasoning and other thinking activities.

Leibniz's philosophical psychology thought is the beginning of modern rationalist psychology and the origin of later psychosomatic parallelism. Although his thoughts have traces of introspection and belong to the category of objective idealism and metaphysics, there are also some dialectical factors, such as emphasizing the initiative, self-cause and unity of psychological activities. He first put forward the concept of apperception, which directly influenced German psychology such as Kant, Herbart and Feng Te, and indirectly influenced modern western schools of psychology such as Gestalt psychology and Freudian psychoanalysis.

2. Wolf

Christian Wolff (1679- 1754) is the successor of Leibniz's idealism philosophy and the systematizer of functional psychology. He was the first person to really publish a book in the name of psychology. Secondly, Wolff further elaborated rationalism psychology. Finally, Wolff systematized functional psychology.

Second, Kant and Herbart's psychological thoughts

1, Kant

Immanuel Kant (1724- 1804) is the founder of German classical idealism and dialectical philosophy.

Kant's psychological thought mainly comes from Leibniz, Wolff and Hume. Although there is no significant contribution in the history of psychology, it still has considerable influence. First of all, Kant is the successor of the Teton Triangle, and holds that knowledge, emotion and desire are three basic psychological functions. This dichotomy is properly reflected in his philosophical works. For example, his critique of pure reason mainly focuses on epistemology, which is equivalent to cognitive activities; Critique of Judgment focuses on aesthetic feeling, which is equivalent to emotion. Criticism of practical reason mainly focuses on ethics, which is equivalent to will activity. These three "criticisms" with knowledge, emotion and meaning as the key link not only constitute Kant's "critical philosophy" system, but also his "psychology" system. Secondly, cognitive psychology is one of the main contents of Kant's psychological thought. He wants to combine rationalism with empiricism and establish a so-called "critical" cognitive psychology. Thirdly, Kant distinguishes between experience and transcendental judgment. Finally, the principle of apperception is an extremely important part of Kant's cognitive psychology.

Although Kant's psychological thought has materialistic factors and dialectical elements, it basically belongs to the category of idealism transcendentalism.

2. Herbart

Johann friedrich herbart (1776- 184 1) is a modern German idealist philosopher, a famous bourgeois educator and psychologist.

First of all, Herbart first declared that psychology is a science. He advocates separating psychology from philosophy and physiology, and studying his close-up objects in a special way. Secondly, Herbart regards ideas and their mutual union and struggle as the basic content of psychology. He believes that the essence of the soul is unknowable, and we can only know the phenomenon of the soul, which is the concept. All human psychological activities are just the activities of various ideas. Herbart absorbed the thought of British Lenovo and the mechanical principle at that time, which showed that the thoughts not only attracted each other, but also repelled each other. Thirdly, Herbart put forward the concept of "consciousness threshold".

Herbart's psychological thought mainly comes from Leibniz, Kant and English Lenovo. He denied the objective source of psychological content, the knowability of psychological essence and the research of psychological and physiological basis. Therefore, his thoughts on psychological love belong to the categories of idealism, metaphysics and agnosticism. But there are also dialectical factors, such as the concept of opposition and integration of ideas, the concept of threshold transformation of consciousness and so on. In addition, his unconscious theory and the concept of consciousness threshold, as well as his quantitative analysis of psychological activities, have made direct contributions to Fechner's psychophysics and Freud's psychoanalysis. His educational psychology, especially the theory of synaesthesia group, has a great influence on pedagogy and teaching methods all over the world.

Third, Hegel's psychological thought.

George William Friedrich Hegel (1770- 183 1) is the most important representative of German classical philosophy and a philosophical psychologist of idealistic dialectics.

First of all, Hegel opposed physiognomy and phrenology. Secondly, Hegel opposes empirical psychology and supports rational psychology. Thirdly, Hegel has also made great contributions to the study of the development of human consciousness. He made a profound analysis of the development of consciousness. He linked the study of psychology and history with the development of logic. Fourthly, Hegel's psychological thought system consists of three parts: theoretical spirit, practical spirit and free spirit.

Hegel's psychological thought system is based on "inverted philosophy", that is, starting from the externalization of spirit and thought as matter and existence, then abandoning matter and existence and returning to pure spirit and thought. Obviously, this is an idealistic route from spirit to material. Therefore, Hegel's psychological thought system is a huge theoretical system of speculative objective idealism. However, it must be noted that dialectics runs through Hegel's whole psychological thought system. Such as the view that psychology is regarded as a development process, the view that the evolution of consciousness is related to human history, the view that internal contradictions of consciousness determine development and transformation, the view that consciousness plays an active role and integrates, and so on. These are "pearls" in Hegel's psychological thought, and also become one of the direct theoretical sources of Marxist-Leninist psychological thought. Of course, due to the need of Hegel's idealism system, he was forced to distort dialectics at will and eventually fell into metaphysics. Therefore, the dross in Hegel's thought also has a lot of influence on later phenomenological psychology.

Fourthly, Feuerbach's psychological thought.

Ludwig feuerbach (1804- 1872) is the ideological representative of German bourgeois radical democrats and the only thinker of materialist philosophy and psychology in German classical philosophy.

First of all, Feuerbach gave a materialistic explanation of the essence of psychology and consciousness. It is pointed out that psychology and consciousness are the products of human brain, the reflection of objective existence, and the unity of subjectivity and objectivity. Secondly, Feuerbach made a materialistic analysis of the process of human cognition. It is believed that feeling is the foundation, source and starting point of cognition and the necessary means for people to contact the real world. Finally, Feuerbach gave a materialistic explanation of will activity. It is believed that any will behavior is determined by the objective conditions of nature, and it is by no means arbitrary by one person.

Feuerbach recovered and developed the tradition of French materialistic philosophy and psychology in the18th century in the struggle against idealism, dualism and vulgar materialistic psychology. For the first time, he put forward the idea of combining psychology with individual to study specific psychological activities, put forward the theory that feeling originated from the center of species, affirmed that feeling is a subjective image objectively existing in the mind, and analyzed the objective inevitability of will action, its connection with brain, nerve and muscle and its formation process. These thoughts later became one of the direct theoretical sources of Marxist-Leninist psychological thoughts. This is Feuerbach's main achievement in the history of psychology. However, Feuerbach has been divorced from social practice and class struggle for a long time, and used naturalism instead of social practice to explain the essence of human psychology, analyze the relationship between cognitive processes and explain the reasons for the formation of will action, so his "humanistic" psychological thought is generally an intuitive and metaphysical materialistic psychological thought.