The reasons that affect forgetting mainly include the following aspects:
First, the theory of memory trace decreasing (automatic decreasing)-Pavlov
Claim: Forgetting is the result of the gradual decline and final disappearance of memory traces without strengthening. In the process of learning, it is easy for students to forget the corresponding knowledge points if they don't review them in time.
Second, interference suppression theory-Jenkins and Darren Bashi
Advocacy: It is believed that forgetting is caused by the interference of other stimuli between learning and memory. This theory can be illustrated by proactive inhibition and proactive inhibition.
Proactive inhibition: the interference of previously learned materials on the memory or recognition of later learned materials.
Backward inhibition: the interference of later learning materials on the memory or recognition of former learning materials.
Sequence position effect means that when people recall sequence materials, they find that the order of materials has an important influence on memory effect. In one experiment, the experimenter asked the subjects to learn the vocabulary of 32 words, and then asked them to recall them after learning, not in the original order. It is found that the last presented item is recalled first, followed by the first presented item, and the last recalled item is the middle part of the vocabulary. Judging from the correct recall rate, the last word is the least forgotten, followed by the first word, and the most forgotten is the middle part. This phenomenon when recalling series materials is called series position effect. Finally, the materials presented are the easiest to recall and the most difficult to forget. This is the so-called recency effect. The first presented material is easier to recall and less to forget, which is the so-called first cause effect.
For example, it is good to study in the morning, because it has no influence of proactive inhibition; The good learning effect at night is because there is no backward vision inhibition effect at night; The poor learning effect at noon is due to the influence of forward inhibition and backward inhibition at noon.
Three. Assimilation theory-Ausubel
Advocacy: Forgetting is actually a process of knowledge organization and simplification of cognitive structure, that is, replacing low-level concepts with high-level concepts and laws, so that low-level concepts are forgotten, thus refining and simplifying knowledge and reducing memory burden, which is a positive forgetting. Used to explain the retention and forgetting of meaningful learning, he believes that in truly meaningful learning, successive learning does not interfere with each other but promotes each other, because meaningful learning is always based on the original learning, and the latter learning is the deepening and expansion of the former learning. For example, primary school students used to learn arithmetic by hand, but once they learned the advanced form of arithmetic, they forgot the low form. This is an assimilation theory.
Fourth, the motivation theory-Freud
Advocacy: It is believed that forgetting is caused by the depression of emotion or motivation, and if this depression is lifted, memory can be restored. During the exam, Xiao Ming was very nervous. In the process of doing the questions, all the questions he could do would be lost.
Fifth, the theory of extraction failure
Forgetting is because we didn't find the right clue when extracting relevant information, and once we have the right clue, the information we need can be extracted after searching. Extraction failed because the clue was missing or wrong. Extracting information is like looking for a book in the library. We don't know its title, author and retrieval number. Although it is put in the stacks, it is difficult for us to find it. So when memorizing materials, remember as many other clues as possible, so that it will be easier to extract them when needed.
Combined with the common examination questions, we will consolidate this part of the content accordingly.
1. In the TV series "Seven Ones", the man forgot his name Shen Yuanye because of his childhood pain and guilt for the woman, which accords with the forgetting theory.
A. Interference suppression theory B. Assimilation theory C. Extraction failure theory D. Motivation theory
1. Answer D. Analysis: This question examines the reasons for forgetting. Motivation theory was put forward by Freud. According to this theory, many forgetfulness occurs neither because of the decline of memory nor because of the interference of experience, but because individuals often suppress painful memories, such as shame, fear and guilt, and their privacy is always suppressed. In the stem of the question, the man forgot because of the pain of childhood and the guilt of the woman, which was caused by suppressing the painful memory. So it conforms to the forgetting theory of motivation theory. Item d is correct. Item A: The representatives of interference suppression theory are Jenkins and Darren Bashi. According to this theory, forgetting is caused by the interference of other stimuli between learning and memory. This theory can be illustrated by proactive inhibition and proactive inhibition. The forgetting of short-term memory is mainly the function of interference. Disagree with the question and rule it out. Item B: Ausubel is the representative of assimilation theory. According to this theory, forgetting is actually a process of knowledge organization and simplification of cognitive structure, that is, replacing low-level concepts with high-level concepts and laws, so that low-level concepts are forgotten, thus refining and simplifying knowledge and reducing memory burden, which is a positive forgetting. Disagree with the question and rule it out. Item C: The representative figure of extraction failure theory is Turwin. The theory holds that the information stored in long-term memory will never be lost, and forgetting is caused by clue loss or clue error. Once you have the correct clue, you can extract the needed information through search. Disagree with the question and rule it out. So the correct answer is D.
2. Juck Zhang likes to learn what needs to be memorized in the morning and evening. He thinks that the learning effect in the morning and evening is better than that in the daytime, because the interference in the morning and evening is ().
A. Double inhibition B. Active inhibition C. Single inhibition D. Reverse inhibition
2. Answer C. Analysis: This question examines the interference theory in forgetting. According to the interference suppression theory of Jenkins and Darren Brazil, there are always two possible interferences in the learning experience: one is proactive inhibition, that is, the initial learning interferes with the later learning; The other is post-reflection inhibition, that is, the interference of the later learning materials to the previous learning. Moreover, the more similar the composition of the two materials, the stronger the influence of interference. Good learning effect in the morning is not inhibited by proactive action, but only by proactive action, while good learning effect in the evening is not inhibited by proactive action, and it is only inhibited in the morning and evening; During the day, it is subject to both positive and negative inhibition, so it is affected by double inhibition. The stem describes the good effect of learning in the morning and evening, so choose C.
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