1, court education
As early as the pre-Qin period, the imperial court had formed a tradition of educating imperial women. "Zhou Li Tian Guan Zhong Zai" says: "The wife sits and talks about virtue, and the nine wives teach four virtues." "Madam" and "Nine Wives" refer to the spouses of the monarch, and they are also officials who specialize in educating harem women in the pre-Qin court. In the Han dynasty, the upper-class women in the court should not only have children and do a good job in moral conduct, but also receive education in music, dance and women's merits. Its purpose is not to make a living, but to cultivate one's morality. At this stage, two works promoting women's moral education appeared, namely, Liu Xiang's Biography of Lienv and Ban Zhao's Women's Commandment, which provided theoretical basis for women's education in Han Dynasty.
In the Tang Dynasty, women's status was improved, society was open, and court women's education prevailed. In the first year of Wuhou Ruyi, there were 18 doctors in internal education, five in Confucian classics, three in Shi, Zi, Ji and Zhu Wen, two in regular script, and one each in Zhuang Lao, Taiyi, Zhuan, Fa, Yun, Feibai and Calligraphy. The content of study includes classics, history, philosophy, collections, I ching, law, arithmetic, poetry, calligraphy and so on. Some female books have appeared. Emperor Taizong's empress Shi said, "If you study hard, you must follow the rules of etiquette." . Kindness and filial piety. Summing up my own life experience, "I wrote ten volumes of ancient women's charity, called" Women's Principles ". It was popular in contemporary times and played a certain role in women's education at that time. Song Ruoshen, a writer and educator, was taught by women since childhood and was good at poetry writing. She worships Ban Zhao's Women's Commandments and imitates Confucius' The Analects. Write a volume of The Analects of Women. I believe that teaching women with this book can cultivate a group of "virtuous women".
The Song Dynasty attached great importance to the rule of culture and strongly advocated the education of court women. There were special educational institutions in the imperial palace of the Song Dynasty. In the first year of Renzong, there were two secretaries who were in charge of "Confucian classics, paper and pen cases, etc.", and the staff of the assistant secretaries were Confucian classics, calligraphy and ten women's history. Hui Zong attached great importance to the cultural education of imperial secretary, and set up a "Taifu" to teach imperial secretary cultural knowledge in Zheng He's second year. The form and content are generally close to the Tang Dynasty.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the palace women's education system and exultation never stopped, and it continued until the traditional society died out.
2. Family education
It is not difficult to find that most of the women who were famous in the history of the Qing Dynasty and wrote masterpieces handed down from generation to generation came from aristocratic families, enlightened by their fathers and brothers, and became famous all over the world because of their family background. As mentioned earlier, Ban Zhao benefited from his father Ban Biao and his brother Ban Gu; Learn from his father Cai Yong, and Li Qingzhao learn from his father Li.
3. Temple education
Many frustrated women in ancient China fled into an empty net. With faith, they pass the time and kill their youth by meditation and chanting. Reading classics requires literacy, so the old people in the temple also play the role of teachers. Since the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, Quanzhen Daoism was founded, and the life content of Taoist nuns in Taoist temples is generally similar to that of nuns, but the contents of monasticism are different because of the different scriptures they read. Because of the orientation of Buddhist and Taoist believers, their talents are mostly hidden in the secular world, so their influence on traditional society is less than the above two ways.
The division of talented women in history:
Historically, there are two kinds of talented women, one is a good family and the other is a dusty woman. Because of different origins, different status. Now briefly summarize.