Montessori's educational thought

1, child-centered. Oppose the adult-centered education concept and regard children as independent individuals different from adults.

2. The principle of not teaching. Before the age of six, children gradually build up their cognitive and discriminating abilities, taking thinking in images as the main way of thinking, which is not suitable for didactic education. Montessori starts with daily training, with a good learning environment, rich teaching AIDS and teaching materials, so that children can learn spontaneously and actively, thus achieving the goal of self-education.

3. Grasp the sensitive period of children. As children grow up, there will be a feature that they only focus on one thing in the environment for a certain period of time and refuse to accept other things. If you provide special help at this time, you will get the best learning effect.

4. Teachers exist as a part of the environment and play an auxiliary and guiding role. The teacher's job is to observe children's inner needs, design the environment, demonstrate the accurate operation of teaching AIDS, and then teach according to children's individual differences and give timely guidance. This kind of education without teaching and without class can make the relationship between teachers and students harmonious and children can learn happily.

5. Pay attention to the cultivation of wisdom and character. The essential significance of preschool education lies in helping children grow up perfectly. Therefore, the goal of preschool education is not only to prepare for primary schools, but more importantly, to lay a foundation of wisdom and morality for their lives and cultivate their good habits of lifelong learning.

6. Respect the growth rhythm of children. In Montessori education, there is no strict timetable and class time, so that children can work freely and intently according to their own internal needs. If children's attention is often interrupted, they will develop the habit of inattention and carelessness. On the contrary, keeping children in a state of uninterrupted repeated practice can cultivate their patience and concentration.

7. Mixed-age teaching. Children of different ages will imitate and learn from each other, develop their caring and helping social behaviors, and influence and promote each other intellectually.

8. Rich teaching materials and teaching AIDS. Teaching AIDS are not used by teachers to teach children, but are materials for children's homework, aiming at inducing children to repeat themselves from shallow to deep, so as to achieve

The purpose of self-education.

9. Abandon the reward and punishment system. Montessori respects children's choices, so that children have the willingness and needs to learn voluntarily, and children don't care about rewards and punishments.

10, teaching results are often presented with explosive force. Children are trained in a step-by-step self-education way, and it is not easy to perceive the learning results in a short time, but they often suddenly show their inner mental growth and are explosive.

(1) Extended reading of Montessori course content;

Advantages of Montessori education

1, the individual and combined use of each teaching aid has steps and sequences. Moreover, whether in design or in use, it is from simple to complex. Its main purpose is to train children to understand the steps, pay attention to the order, and indirectly cultivate children's "internal discipline."

2, Montessori teaching AIDS do not choose bright colors, mainly simple and clean colors. Because of its educational significance, it is usually a single tone that highlights the real educational goal, that is, it has the characteristics of isolation. The ten pieces of wood in the pink tower are all pink.

3. In design, it has the characteristics of error control, which enables children to find and correct their own mistakes. For example, there are ten pink towers, the smallest is a one-centimeter cube, and the largest is a ten-centimeter cube, so the biggest one is one centimeter away from the next big one. After piling up the tower, the child can pick up the smallest piece and measure the gap between the pieces. He will find that it is exactly one centimeter.

4. Because the most important goal of teaching AIDS is to meet the inner needs of children, the size and dimension are only considered from the ability of children. For example, the largest part of the pink tower can be moved by children.

5. Every teaching aid has factors that can attract children, such as the weight and color of pink tower wood; Or the rustling sound when scooping beans with a spoon.

6. Cultivate children's logical habits and reasoning ability through steps and sequences.

7, the design of teaching AIDS, to provide a person with the operation as the main goal.

8. Each teaching aid has a direct and indirect educational purpose.

What is the goal of Montessori curriculum model?

Regarding the goal of Montessori curriculum model, Beijing Normal University has special courses.

What is Montessori education?

Montessori is a world-famous expert in early childhood education. For a hundred years, her educational ideas and methods have always had a positive impact on preschool education in the world. Montessori education method is an excellent educational model to implement quality education and develop children's potential. Maria montessori (1870~ 1952) is the first Italian woman doctor of medicine and educator. After graduating from university, she was appointed as the principal of the National School for Special Children by the then Italian Minister of Education on 1898. 1907, she founded the world's first "Children's Home" in the slums of Rome (now Children's Home covers the whole world 107 countries). In Children's Home, she wrote many books about children's education, such as The Secret of Childhood, The Concentrated Mind, Searching for Children, Spontaneous Activities in Education and so on. At the same time, she also developed a variety of teaching AIDS to promote children's mental development, enhance children's wisdom and discover unlimited potential, so Montessori teaching method came into being. We call it Montessori teaching for short. Montessori teaching includes Montessori language development, Montessori art education (art music), Montessori sensory education, Montessori science and culture education, Montessori daily life education and Montessori mathematics education. (At the same time, mathematics education is also a classic of Montessori education) and she is also called "the mother of children's education" by later generations. Montessori believes that children should learn by doing and develop by doing, and only by doing can they gain rich learning experience. Because learning mathematics is from concrete images to concrete abstractions, all abstractions come from concrete processes. 1, child-centered. Children are regarded as independent individuals different from adults, and the adult teaching concept is opposed. 2. "There is no class in teaching". Montessori opposes teacher-centered cramming teaching, and advocates starting with daily life training, with a good learning environment and rich educational content, allowing children to learn spontaneously and actively and construct their perfect personality. 3. Grasp the sensitive period of children. Children aged 0- 6 will have a certain preference tendency in a certain period. If you study along the sensitive period, you can get the maximum learning effect of this feature. The teacher plays the role of tutor. Generally speaking, Mr. Montessori is called a mentor. He must have a deep understanding of the child's spiritual world and know the child's development like the back of his hand in order to provide timely and appropriate help and guidance to the child. 5. Cultivation of complete personality. The ultimate goal of Montessori education is to help children normalize. Through the design of environment and the operation of teaching AIDS, children can establish a perfect personality step by step. 6. Respect the growth rhythm of children. Montessori education requires teachers to teach students in accordance with their aptitude according to the development process of children, and not to engage in one-size-fits-all education according to different characteristics. 7. Mixed age education. Let children of different ages be together, so that younger children can have imitators of different ages, while older children can enhance their knowledge and ability by helping younger children. 8. Rich teaching materials and teaching AIDS. Montessori's teaching AIDS are very rich, but they are not tools for teachers to teach, but materials for children to work with. Through these tasks, children can establish a perfect personality from self-repeated operation exercises. 9. Eliminate the single reward and punishment system. Montessori teaching respects children and cultivates their budding sense of dignity. 10, explosive teaching achievement.

What is Montessori teaching?

Montessori teaching method was created by Italian educator Dr. maria montessori with his own life experience. The essence of its teaching method lies in cultivating children's conscious and active learning and exploration spirit.

In Montessori classroom, there are all kinds of teaching AIDS, which are based on the sensitive period of children's growth and development, and are suitable for children's growth.

Montessori's teaching contents include daily life education, sensory education, mathematics education, language education, science and culture education and so on. Through the self-repeated operation of Montessori teaching AIDS, children creatively build a perfect personality and get various trainings in free operation.

Educational philosophy:

1, make people become people.

Montessori education is to make people become people. The first person is a newly born biological person; The second person is a human being, and being a man is educated, educated and individual. This is the meaning of Montessori education, that is, the formation of personality can make a real person.

2. Spontaneous intelligence

The reason why people have the desire to learn is driven by innate intelligence, that is, children have an impulse to pursue knowledge and development persistently. This inner impulse, if it is not started by education, will delay and stifle the huge energy that exists in the child itself.

3. People's creativity

In fact, this can be said to be a kind of nature of human beings. For human beings, creation is innate. Montessori believes that the constant harmony of hand activities and language can eventually cultivate children's own personality, and personality can exert various creative abilities in the process of growth.

4. Help children develop themselves

In traditional education, adults are constantly teaching children how to do it, and children obey. Then, Montessori education is to let children develop their own life potential and develop their own aspects through their own practical activities. This is the true meaning of education.

5. A prepared environment

Montessori believes that the environment is alive, which is prepared by adults' clear understanding of children's mission. This environment contains all the positive meanings that children need to grow up, and at the same time, it is necessary to exclude all things that are not conducive to children's growth.

(4) Extended reading of Montessori curriculum content:

Basic principles of Montessori education law;

1, child-centered. Oppose the adult-centered teaching concept and regard children as independent individuals different from adults.

2. Education without teaching. Oppose spoon-feeding teaching, advocate starting with daily life training, with a good learning environment and rich teaching AIDS, let children learn spontaneously and actively, and build a perfect personality independently.

3. Grasp the sensitive period of children. Follow the characteristics of sensitive learning and get the maximum learning effect.

4. Teachers play the role of facilitators. Teachers must have a deep understanding of children's spiritual world and know their children's development like the back of their hands, so as to provide appropriate and timely help and guidance to children.

5. Cultivation of complete personality. The biggest purpose of preschool education is to help children normalize.

6. Respect the growth rhythm of children. There is no timetable and class time, so that children can concentrate on developing their inner needs.

7. Mixed-age teaching. Children of different ages will imitate and learn from each other, and develop good social behavior of helping others.

8. Rich teaching materials and teaching AIDS. Teaching AIDS are the material for children's work, and children build a perfect personality through "work" and self-repetitive operation exercises.

9. Cancel the reward and punishment system. Take the way of respecting children and cultivate their budding sense of dignity.

10, teaching achievements broke out. By respecting children's inner needs, let children grow up in a timely and moderate manner. It is not easy to perceive the result in the short term, but it will show the child's inner growth with explosive force at some time.

What is the theoretical basis of Montessori curriculum model?

Hello, the answer is as follows:

Montessori did not systematically sort out and summarize Montessori methods all his life. She once said modestly, I just study children, just accept what children give me and show it. But if she doesn't have a guiding principle in her mind, how can the educational methods and Montessori teaching AIDS she envisioned be orderly?

Experts summarized Montessori's profound theory into six learning essentials, namely: 1. Environmental adaptation theory; Second, the theory of independent growth; Third, the theory of natural development of life; Fourth, absorb the theory of mind; Fifth, the theory of human nature is at work; Sixth, the useless theory of rewards and punishments.

Next, we will learn these six essentials in turn.

First, the theory of environmental adaptation.

Personal growth must adapt to the environment (the story of wolf child)

Montessori once compared the environment to a person's head, which shows the importance of the environment to children. Because all human growth is related to the head, it is the commander in chief, controlling the maturity of physical and psychological development; Like the brain, the environment is the biggest key to whether a person is smart enough. In terms of personal growth, personal growth must adapt to the environment. If it can't adapt, people's basic ability can't develop or disappear, and even lead to survival. Just like the example of the wolf child in front, it not only lost its humanity, but also became very old. Even after being brought back to the "human" world, they can't adapt to the human lifestyle, and life is very short.

Environmental quality determines the quality of growth.

In other words, people's various physiological and psychological functions grow because they adapt to the environment. If we can give our children a very rich learning "environment" and children can "adapt" in many ways in this environment, then the speed and quality of intelligent growth will be very good! (Meng Mu moved three times)

Montessori regards the environment as the first element of education, and further develops the law of children's growth, and designs various teaching AIDS that are suitable for children's individual differences and can stimulate children's growth, so that children can truly adapt to and use the environment in the environment.

Second, the theory of independent growth

When a child is born, his physiological function is not perfect and his mind is not mature. Of course, he can't live independently. He will have to rely on the care of his parents to provide him with the necessities of survival in order to grow up day by day. He can climb, walk and jump step by step, eager to get rid of the mercy of adults and touch the world with his own hands; Go where you want to go with your own feet. This is not only a yearning for children to "turn" themselves into adults every day, but also an internal force for the natural development of all living things.

This series of processes can't be replaced by others, just like a mother can't breathe for her child. The road to growth is quite long, and it is impossible to do it overnight. Only by constantly promoting the independence (maturity) of physical and psychological functions can we become so-called "independent people" and complete various activities needed for life development by our own efforts.

Third, the theory of natural development of life.

Montessori noticed the fact that life "develops naturally" in her observation. She found that people's "completion" is actually achieved through their own constant activities. Montessori also found that children have predetermined development plans before birth, for example, eggs will become chickens, and human fertilized eggs will develop into fetuses and become people. So the predetermined plan also follows the steps set by nature, resulting in self-realization activities and constant self-activities.

"Planning" depends on "process". What drives the process? The answer is "internal demand". When a newborn baby is hungry, he will close his eyes, use his sense of smell to find milk fragrance, and use his lips to find nipples to solve his hunger. The speed of children's psychological and physical development varies from person to person, so the process of children's growth stage will be different; However, the same thing is: in order to make the body and mind grow up, there will be many internal rather than explicit needs from the embryonic individual, and the "internal needs" will guide the "individual" to actively seek and find what they want, so as to achieve the goal of rapid growth. (get up from lying down)

Therefore, from the standpoint of "education", what adults can do is to provide children with a good learning environment, let children choose freely, meet their internal needs without interference, let life develop naturally and build a perfect adult step by step.

Fourth, absorb the theory of mind.

Absorb thinking: Adults can learn from old experiences when facing new things. For example, when you go to Africa for the first time, you will hear people there making some chirping noises. Even if you don't understand them, you will still judge them as "languages". Where are the children? Slipping into this completely different world from the completely dark mother did not bring any experience, and the intelligence was not yet mature. The "absorbing mind" is like the photographic negative of a camera, absorbing all the information from the outside world and internalizing it into its own things. That is, the process of rapid accumulation from scratch. However, this subconscious intake will turn into conscious absorption around the age of three. Children's learning driven by "absorbing the mind" is not only different from that of adults, but also amazing. It is precisely because of this ability that children will lay the intellectual foundation from "nothing" to "being". (Music class, language development)

Five, the theory of human nature at work

The nature of work between adults and children is different: adults work for life and children live for work, that is, adults work to meet the needs of life, and children work to gradually improve themselves and complete themselves. Therefore, the hand is the second brain of human beings. Working by hand can not only stimulate children's skills, but also help them develop their personality normally.

When children concentrate on the work they are really interested in, they can naturally develop good habits and virtues of loving learning, independence, willingness to use their brains and perseverance. Therefore, only through the guidance of work can children gradually form various abilities and become independent and perfect people.

Montessori said: "Work is the characteristic of human nature." Although ants and bees will continue to collect nectar and look for pollen, they will not educate themselves to "make progress with their brains", increase their intelligence and improve the environment.

Six, rewards and punishments useless theory

In Children's Home, Montessori found that rewards or punishments found in observation have little influence on children's interest and attention. She used to think that good people should be rewarded and bad people should be punished.

A child who is often encouraged, his personality is based on his own cognition and self-cultivation, but the reward-type reward will only induce him to do it with prizes, which will affect his future values, and fame and fortune are the standards of measurement; If the child must be punished often before he stops fooling around, then his obedience is entirely due to fear of being beaten and scolded, not self-control, and besides not taking the initiative, he lacks self-confidence and is afraid of everything, so he will not be innovative and promising.

What are the specific contents of Montessori's educational theory?

Educational idea

Montessori believes that there are too many educators who interfere with children's freedom movement, everything is mandatory, and punishment has become synonymous with education. She firmly believes that educators must trust the inner and potential strength of children and provide them with a suitable environment for free activities. She specially made many teaching AIDS, such as small furniture, glass, ceramics and other small objects, to let children practice their senses.

Children's sensory exercises are extremely important for children's understanding of things.

Children's development view

Montessori's view on children's psychological development is the basis of all her educational theories. In the past, many people criticized her for being purely genetic determinism on this issue, but it is not entirely true. Looking at all Montessori's theories, she thinks that children's psychological development is neither pure internal maturity nor the direct product of environment and education, but the result of the interaction between the body and the environment, which is "realized through the experience of the environment" (Montessori: acceptable mind, 1949 English version, p. 97). Montessori affirmed that creating a good environment, taking correct educational measures, early education and enriching children's experiences can eliminate and prevent mental retardation. ?

Specifically, Montessori first emphasized the quality and internal vitality of people and genes. She said: "The growth of a child is due to the development of inner life potential, which makes its vitality appear. His life develops according to the biological law determined by heredity." For children, vitality is a spontaneous impulse, so she regards whether the spontaneous impulse of children is suppressed or triggered as a watershed to distinguish the quality of education, and lashes out at the practice of suppressing students' spontaneous impulse in old schools. She said: "In such a school, children are like butterfly specimens fixed by nails, and everyone is tied to one place-the table", which is not good for children's development. Physically, it leads to skeletal deformity; In psychology, in order to cram bits and pieces of withered knowledge into children's minds, teachers use rewards and punishments to induce children to concentrate and remain silent. Montessori denied the reinforcement of rewards and punishments, and emphasized the inner strength and subjective initiative of children. It is required that the environment (* * *) should be suitable for children's internal needs and interests, and that children should not passively accept the outside world, but that everyone has their own internal structure, change and development.

Montessori also believes that the impulse of vitality is expressed through children's spontaneous activities. "Life is dynamic and can only develop through activities." In order to express, satisfy and develop children's vitality and personality through activities, it is necessary to create a suitable environment. Montessori has set up a good environment for "Children's Home": there is a big garden where students can enter and leave freely; Lightweight tables and chairs, 4-year-old children can move at will; There is a long row of low cabinets in the classroom, and children can take all kinds of teaching AIDS in them at will. This kind of environment setting obviously serves the children's free activities.

From the perspective of individual psychological development, Montessori emphasized that vitality presents a rhythm (stage) through the development of spontaneous activities: childhood is the most important period for personality formation, and "nothing needs intellectual help more than this period" (Montessori: acceptable mind, page 27). In childhood, children's psychological function also has different critical periods of development. For example, 2-6 years old are sensitive to good behavior norms, and 2-4 years old are sensitive to colors, sounds, touch and other feelings. Some sensory abilities appear and disappear in the corresponding period, and they can learn most effectively when they appear; Ignoring the training in the sensitive period will cause irreparable losses, which is also the main reason for many mentally retarded children. Therefore, environment and education play an important role in children's psychological development. Montessori said that environmental issues play an important role in her educational method system.

Montessori also believes that different individuals have different development rhythms. If education is to coincide with the sensitive period of children's development, different education must be adopted to adapt to different mature rhythms. Therefore, she attaches great importance to individualized teaching, allowing children to move freely according to their own needs and fully develop their personalities.

How to treat Montessori's view of children's development? We believe that due to the lack of scientific world outlook and methodology, Montessori failed to correctly clarify the dialectical unity relationship between heredity, environment and education. The basic point of all her theories is the spontaneous impulse of children's inner vitality, and she regards education only as the display of children's potential (instinct). Although she also noticed the importance of environment and education, she generally only put them in a position of subordination to heredity, thus exaggerating children's spontaneous impulses and free activities.

The main theory of Montessori education

Montessori education method is an excellent educational model based on scientific methods to educate children for all-round development and develop their potential. Its main characteristics are: respecting the rhythm of children's learning and growth, grasping the sensitive period of children, that is, children aged 0- 6 will have specific preferences in a specific period, and if they follow the sensitive period, they will get the greatest learning effect. Based on the above findings, Montessori proposed that teachers should teach students in accordance with their aptitude and not engage in "one size fits all" education. Montessori also opposed the adult-centered teaching concept and attached importance to children as independent individuals different from adults. At the same time, Montessori advocates that education should start with daily life training, with a good learning environment and rich educational content, let children learn spontaneously and construct their perfect personality. Because every child is special, Montessori education understands that their learning and growth processes are different, so it respects children's internal needs, allows children to grow up in a timely and moderate manner, and shows their internal mental development level through classroom activities and intensive education.

Montessori attaches great importance to the environment. She said: "In our school, the environment educates children." It is considered that the environment is an important conservation content, and many aspects of conservation methods are also determined by the environment. Children need a suitable environment to develop normally and perfect their personality. Generally speaking, however, most children live in unsuitable environment. Children are naturally close to nature, but with the development of civilization, nature is getting farther and farther away from children. They live in an adult world, and everything around them is not completely suitable for them in terms of specifications, weight and shape, so it is difficult to operate at will. The purpose of "preparing the environment" is to let the children in the embryonic state grow up smoothly, so as to prepare the environment for spiritual food such as order and wisdom. For children before the age of six, the environment in which adults and children live is very different in size and rhythm, so children need to rely on the assistance of adults at all times in their activities. Children have always relied on the assistance of adults, unable to complete their due growth, unable to control their own lives, unable to educate themselves and unable to exercise themselves. If there is no ideal environment, children can't realize their abilities, so they can never be independent from adults. Therefore, according to the sensitive period and mental absorption of children before the age of six, Montessori created an environment for children to live by themselves. This environment is a "prepared environment", and its significance is not only the environment, but also the way and method of the future world and culture that children will face.

Combine what you have learned and talk about your understanding of Montessori's curriculum theory.

The essence of Montessori's curriculum theory is to cultivate children's conscious and active learning and exploration spirit. In Montessori classroom, there are all kinds of teaching AIDS, which are based on the sensitive period of children's growth and development, and are suitable for children's growth.

Montessori's teaching contents include daily life education, sensory education, mathematics education, language education, science and culture education and so on. Through the self-repeated operation of Montessori teaching AIDS, children creatively build a perfect personality and get various trainings in free operation.

Montessori believes that the environment is alive, which is prepared by adults' clear understanding of children's mission. This environment contains all the positive meanings that children need to grow up, and at the same time, it is necessary to exclude all things that are not conducive to children's growth.

(8) Expand reading Montessori course content.

Basic principles of Montessori education law;

1, child-centered. Oppose the adult-centered teaching concept and regard children as independent individuals different from adults.

2. Education without teaching. Oppose spoon-feeding teaching, advocate starting with daily life training, with a good learning environment and rich teaching AIDS, let children learn spontaneously and actively, and build a perfect personality independently.

3. Grasp the sensitive period of children. Follow the characteristics of sensitive learning and get the maximum learning effect.

4. Teachers play the role of facilitators. Teachers must have a deep understanding of children's spiritual world and know their children's development like the back of their hands, so as to provide appropriate and timely help and guidance to children.

5. Cultivation of complete personality. The biggest purpose of preschool education is to help children normalize.

6. Respect the growth rhythm of children. There is no timetable and class time, so that children can concentrate on developing their inner needs.

7. Mixed-age teaching. Children of different ages will imitate and learn from each other, and develop good social behavior of helping others.

What is the core idea of Montessori education?

The core idea of Montessori education is freedom and discipline.

Montessori believes that children have great potential, and his life development is towards independence. Through specific exercises, such as life basic ability exercise, facial features exercise, intellectual exercise (language, mathematics, science) and other forms, the foundation of a sound personality is formed.

Montessori classroom is the embryonic form of a small society, in which children learn to respect and accept others, learn how to share their knowledge and skills, and learn how to lead others. Montessori classroom provides an environment for cultivating children's emotional IQ.

Montessori curriculum, including the development of feeling, movement, body function, language and morality, makes individuals become integrated people. "Freedom" and "discipline" are integrated, and "individuality" and "group" are given consideration. Inspire children to have the ability to solve difficulties and adapt to the new environment, and achieve the purpose of self-construction and mental development.

(9) Expand reading Montessori course content.

Montessori education has a set of learning tools with unlimited educational value. This learning tool makes use of the sensitivity of children's feelings, and through the teaching AIDS that children can operate, children can explore easily and happily in the operation, and absorb many abstract concepts in the exploration. Respect the characteristics of children's repeated practice. All children with learning tools can operate repeatedly to meet their physical and psychological needs.

Teachers are in the position of assistance and guidance-teachers must give up the traditional self-righteous education methods, but give timely help and guidance to children from the side, so that children can become the main body of education.

Parents are the real key-children's education is not limited to a corner of the school, and the influence of the whole social environment is everywhere.

Grasp the sensitive period of learning-children aged 0-6 will have various "sensitive periods" of preference for different things at different stages of growth.

How to implement Montessori curriculum

Montessori curriculum is generally a combination of individual teaching and collective teaching. Generally, I started to choose my own working version after I entered the park early. Teachers can have the right to guide teaching purposefully, then carry out offline activities to stabilize children's interest, and then carry out collective teaching, which can be aimed at a specific subject, such as mathematics and daily life.

If you want to know how specific subjects are implemented, or how specific group classes are taught, there is a set of books on Montessori's educational methods, mainly about educational teaching plans of various subjects, which can be referred to specifically. The most important thing is to understand Montessori's education and implement teaching according to her teaching process.