Second, how to determine the goal of infant health education
The goal of children's health education is to make children's physical and mental development reach the expected health level. Generally speaking, it includes four levels, namely, the ultimate goal of health education, classification goal, age stage goal and the goal of designing various educational activities. The ultimate goal should be to conform to the spirit of kindergarten work regulations. Together with relevant researchers, the author sums up the ultimate goal of infant health education into three items: ① promoting the normal development of infants' bodies, strengthening their physique and promoting the healthy development of their bodies and minds; (2) Cultivate children's interest in sports activities and the habit of actively participating in physical exercise, develop children's basic movements, and cultivate children's psychological qualities such as liveliness, cheerfulness, courage and fear of difficulties; (3) Help children acquire basic health knowledge and cultivate good living habits and initial self-protection awareness and ability. The ultimate goal is the basis for us to determine other levels of goals. The goal of classification is to classify health-related contents (such as "living habits", "diet and nutrition" and "human understanding and protection"), and then determine the corresponding goals accordingly. For example, the goal of "living habits" can be determined as follows: ① to cultivate children's good health habits such as rest, sleep, excretion, washing and tidying; (2) Help children understand the primary health knowledge and establish a regular life order; (3) Help children learn various health skills and gradually improve their self-care ability. The determination of classification objectives is conducive to improving the systematicness and integrity of health education content organization. Because physical health and mental health cannot be completely separated, there are physical health and mental health goals in each classification goal. For example, in the classification goal of "diet and nutrition", it not only emphasizes "no partial eclipse, no picky eaters, eating on time", but also emphasizes "happy mood" when eating. The goal of age stage is a health education goal based on the physical and mental development characteristics of children of different ages, which is conducive to enhancing the suitability and development of children's health education. The goal of each educational activity design is the concretization of the above three levels of goals, which is operable and must be considered by every kindergarten teacher before implementing the health education for young children.
Thirdly, how to choose the content of infant health education.
In my opinion, the following aspects should be considered in the selection of children's health education content:
1. corresponds to the goal of infant health education. On the one hand, educational goals can only be implemented on the basis of educational content; On the other hand, educational content must also be based on educational objectives. For example, the goal proposes to cultivate children's eating habits that are not partial to food and picky eaters. So choose the content that is related to understanding and tasting all kinds of food.
2. It is related to the child's physical and mental development and life experience. In other words, we should choose the educational content according to the current situation and trend of children's health. For example, if a child is obese, emaciated, willful, timid, wets his pants, or faces the situation of changing teeth, it is necessary to select relevant content and carry out targeted education.
3. Meet the child's acceptance ability. Generally speaking, the depth of content should be in line with children's acceptance ability, but in the process of implementing children's health education, it is more important to present the necessary content in a way acceptable to children. For example, the requirement that children "not be partial to food or picky eaters" mentioned above is actually to show that "balanced diet" is good for health. However, we can't directly say "balanced diet" to children. We can only let children know the main characteristics of each food by introducing it separately, so as to feel that only eating everything can be beneficial to health.
4. Synchronize with children's social influence. Social environment is one of the important factors affecting children's physical and mental health. For example, children can be taught some basic self-protection strategies for social security issues, such as not eating strangers' food and not walking with others casually; In view of family modernization, it is necessary for children to understand and master superficial knowledge and simple skills of electricity and fire prevention.
Fourthly, how to carry out health education for children.
We believe that in the process of implementing infant health education, we should strive to master the laws, principles and methods.
Grasping the law is mainly to realize the following points: ① Because children's knowledge, attitude and behavior towards health are often inconsistent, children's health education is more complicated; ② Because children are easy to imitate, making good use of children's group function is beneficial to enhance the effect of health education; (3) With the weakening of children's awareness or the influence of other factors, children often change their newly established health behaviors quickly, so children's health education should be repeated and persistent.
Mastering principles mainly refer to: ① combining special health education activities with daily life; ② Combination of collective health behavior guidance and individual health behavior guidance; ③ Combination of kindergarten health education and family health education.
In addition to the familiar educational methods (such as action and behavior practice, explanation and demonstration, situational performance, discussion and evaluation, perception and experience, etc.). ), especially the use of media. Teaching TV is widely used in children's health education, such as designing computer animation according to the needs of "beating heart" teaching. The organic connection between the rhythmic beating of the heart and blood circulation is vividly displayed in front of children, which is very conducive to the spread of human anatomy knowledge that teachers can't explain clearly. Moreover, once the computer software is made successfully, it can be used repeatedly in the park or in a wider range. This form is very popular with children in practice.
5. How to evaluate children's health education?
The evaluation of children's health education is a comprehensive evaluation of the implementation process and effect of children's health education, which is helpful to understand whether the children's health education plan meets the needs of children's healthy development and whether the main health problems of children are clear. It can be tested whether it stimulates the enthusiasm of children to learn health knowledge, promotes the change of children's attitude and behavior, and achieves the expected goal; It can also provide a basis for improving the educational design scheme.
There are three different types of evaluation of children's health education: ① Process evaluation, that is, the evaluation of the implementation of children's health education plan. (2) Impact assessment, that is, whether children's knowledge, attitude and behavior have immediate and beneficial changes due to the intervention of health education plan. (3) The ultimate evaluation, that is, whether children's health education has improved children's health problems and quality of life. The ultimate evaluation is the most concerned issue for early childhood health educators, but it is difficult to grasp because of the long evaluation time.
There are three main evaluation methods for children's health education: ① Self-report. That is, let children report personal knowledge, interests, attitudes and behaviors related to health education programs, which are often used to understand children's eating habits, meal time, food preferences and so on. ② Questionnaire survey. To investigate the changes of children's knowledge, attitude and behavior before and after the implementation of health education by questionnaire. ③ Statistical investigation on the prevalence of common and frequently-occurring diseases in children. Such as dental caries, trachoma, myopia and childhood obesity.
Because the effect of children's health education is often potential, it is difficult to appear the final situation in a short time, so the evaluation of children's health education is difficult. How to formulate a set of evaluation standards and methods that conform to the actual situation of infant health education needs further study by the majority of preschool teachers.
Six, several problems that kindergarten teachers should pay attention to in implementing health education at present.
Because the overall research of infant health education is still in its infancy, the effect of health education is often reduced in practice for one reason or another. Therefore, the author combines the research of my research group to talk about several problems that kindergarten teachers should pay attention to at present.
1. It is the premise of infant health education to accumulate solid scientific knowledge of infant health care. Children's health education has its own knowledge background, and scientific and accurate information dissemination should be emphasized in the implementation process. For example, to help children improve their understanding of the human body, teachers must master the corresponding knowledge, fully understand the names, structures, functions and protection of various organs and parts of the human body, and can simply express them; Teachers must also be able to correct children's mistakes and vague answers in time.
2. In any health education activities, teachers must think clearly and express accurately. Teachers should have a clear understanding of "why choose this topic today", "what is the key point" and "what problems to solve" and design the teaching language in advance. Whether the teacher's thinking is clear and the expression is accurate is the key factor for the success or failure of children's health education activities.
3. We should seize the opportunity and carry out corresponding health education activities in time. For example, the topic of tooth changing can be carried out when several children in this class have started to change their teeth and most of them are about to change their teeth. This can not only stimulate children's interest by using individual children's personal experiences, but also educate most people in advance, so that children's health education can produce good results.
4. Arrange the activity series as a whole, and pay attention to the coordination between them. Activities with rich content and the same theme can be systematically carried out in three age groups, but attention should be paid to the emphasis and weight distribution of each age group, which shows a spiral upward trend, which is not only paving the way, but also deepening.
5. Be good at using audio-visual education to enhance the effect of health education. Children's health education involves a lot of health knowledge. If boring knowledge is moved to a vivid screen, children's interest will be doubled.
6. Grasp the relationship between infant health education and infant science education, and pay attention to the integration of educational contents. Some educational contents can be said to belong to both health education and science education, and there is no absolute boundary between them. In practice, on the one hand, children's knowledge structure should not be artificially separated because of the division of subject content, but attention should be paid to the integration of educational content; On the other hand, there are some inevitable repetitions, so don't worry too much, because the cultivation of children's healthy behavior itself is to be repeated.
Exploration and Research on Health Education in Kindergarten
Kindergarten health education is an important part of kindergarten children's quality education. With the promulgation of new curriculum standards, kindergarten health education as one of the curriculum areas has been promoted to a very high position. In the new educational concept, "health" includes two aspects-physical health and mental health. The healthy development of physiology and psychology is organically combined. Children aged 3-6 years are in a critical period of life development, during which good education in preschool education institutions is even more important. The purpose of kindergarten health education is not only to improve children's health knowledge and their attitudes towards personal health and public health, but also to cultivate children's behaviors and habits beneficial to personal and social health.
We should pay attention to children's mental health, cultivate children's optimistic, confident and strong personality, and guide them to correctly handle the relationship between people. In short, "kindergarten health education" is an education aimed at realizing children's physical and mental health, comprehensively improving children's health awareness and cultivating children's good habits, laying a solid foundation for children's healthy life in the future.
The kindergarten affiliated to the School of Preschool Education and Art of Chongqing Normal University, where the author works, attaches great importance to the healthy development of children's body and mind. We continue to explore and study, so that kindergarten health education has been at the forefront of kindergartens in southwest China and has been well received by many parties. Over the years, we have formed the characteristics of health education in our own kindergarten: physical health and mental health go hand in hand; Art and games make health education lively; Audio-visual media make health education intuitive and emotional. Now, share with you the experience of health education in our park.
First of all, physical health and mental health are complementary.
The goal of children's health education is to make children's physical and mental development reach the expected health level. The goal of children's health education in our garden can be summarized as three: (1) to promote the normal development of children's bodies, cultivate the habit of children's active participation in physical exercise and enhance their physique. (2) Help children acquire basic health knowledge and cultivate good living habits and initial self-protection awareness and ability. (3) Closely combine the characteristics of children's psychological development, and cultivate children's psychological qualities such as liveliness, cheerfulness, cooperation and openness.
How to choose the content of children's health education, we consider from the following two aspects: 1. Choosing educational content according to children's health status and its trend is closely related to children's physical and mental development and daily life experience. For example, children are obese, emaciated, crying, timid, etc., and relevant materials can be selected for targeted education. 2. Meet the child's acceptance ability. In the process of children's health education, the depth of content should conform to children's understanding and acceptance ability, and the necessary content should be presented in a way acceptable to children. For example, we ask our children not to be partial or picky about food. In fact, we want to explain that a "balanced diet" is good for health, but we can't tell children the truth of a "balanced diet" directly. We can only let children know the main characteristics of each food by introducing various foods, so that they will feel healthy only after eating everything.
Problems needing attention in health education for kindergarten teachers: 1. Teachers should accumulate solid scientific knowledge about children's physical health and mental health, which is the premise of health education. Children's health education has its own knowledge background, and the scientific and accurate information dissemination is emphasized in the implementation process. For example, to help children improve their understanding of the human body, teachers must master the corresponding knowledge, fully understand the names, structures, functions and protection of various organs and parts of the human body, and express them simply and clearly. Teachers must also be able to correct children's mistakes and vague answers in time. 2. In any health education activities, teachers must think clearly and express accurately. In the teacher's mind, "Why did you choose this topic today?" "What's the point?" "What is the problem to be solved?" We should have clear thinking and design the teaching language in advance. Whether the teacher's thinking is clear and accurate is directly related to the success or failure of children's health education activities. 3. Teachers should master and use some main methods to evaluate children's health education. For example, 1 self-report allows children to report personal knowledge, interests and behaviors related to health education programs, which are often used to understand children's eating habits, meal time and food preferences. 2. Questionnaire survey: parents and teachers were surveyed by questionnaire to understand the changes of children's knowledge, attitude and behavior before and after the implementation of health education.
Second, art and games make health education lively and fresh.
Some people say that children are born artists, and their psychological characteristics, such as the specific image in their memory, the uniqueness of their thinking and imagination, and the susceptibility to emotions, determine that children especially like artistic activities. Sweet music, beautiful pictures and good stories can attract children's attention. However, children's attention time is short, they are easily disturbed by various environmental factors, and their self-expression ability is weak, which should be paid more attention to. Games are children's basic activities. In the game, children can naturally reveal their inner psychological conflicts and emotions that cannot be expressed in words. In the game, children can feel and learn healthy attitudes, behaviors and habits freely and happily, and experience the happiness brought by physical and mental relaxation. Therefore, in children's health education, we should give full play to the role of music, art, dance and language art, closely combine art with games, create game situations for children, let children do what they want, understand and develop their own abilities in games, and cultivate good psychological quality, so as to better adapt to the real environment. For example, there are several children in a small class in kindergarten who are timid and cry. Teacher Wang Yuwei weaves activities with the fairy tale "Mr. Timid" to encourage young children to be bold and brave children. Let me take this teaching activity as an example to illustrate how art and games make a mental health education class lively, fresh and interesting.
1. Preparation of teaching AIDS: Build a beautiful house described in the fairy tale with building blocks, prepare a standing and movable Mr. Timid puppet, a big mouse made of cardboard, a nest of small mice and a nest of big mice, and arrange it into the scene in the fairy tale.
The teacher told the story vividly. Demonstrate teaching AIDS, let children remember the names of stories and the characters in fairy tales, and let children understand the stories preliminarily.
There is a gentleman who lives in a beautiful house. Because he is timid, everyone gave him a name, Mr. Timid.
One day, a big mouse broke into his house. Mr. Timid went to catch it at once and caught it in the basement.
Let me go,' said the Rat, struggling. "When I stamped my foot, the whole house collapsed."
Mr. Timid was afraid, so he let it go and let it live in the basement.
There is so much food in the basement. The mice are so happy to eat and drink. Later, the big mouse gave birth to a litter of little mice, and the little mice grew into big mice ... Soon, the basement was full of mice.
"No, no," the mouse shouted to Mr. Timid. "So many mice live in such a small basement, and it's unreasonable for you to live in so many rooms alone. You have to change houses. "
"Change houses?" Mr. Timid was surprised.
"Yes, change houses!" The mice said in unison.
Mr. Timid is afraid again.
The house has changed. Mr. Timid lives in the basement, and the mice live in all rooms. They sing and dance in the spacious living room, drink and eat in the delicious kitchen, and every day is like a festival.
"You should move out," the mouse shouted to Mr. Timid again. "Why do you always live in the basement? Do you deserve such a good basement? "
"What?" Mr. Timid stamped his left foot hastily, and the whole house shook slightly.
"no!" Mr. Timid stamped his right foot angrily again and the whole house shook violently.
The mice were afraid. They thought there was an earthquake and ran around.
"Oh, I'm good!" Mr. Timid grabbed a broom, pounced here and pounded there, and the mouse squeaked away.
What happened to Mr. Timid? Can the child guess?
3. In the second story, the teacher asks the children questions, so that the children can express the actions of the characters described in the story easily and happily, and help them further understand the work and feel the theme. Question: (1) The mouse broke into Mr. Timid's house. What did Mr timid do? Why did Mr. Timid let the big mouse live in the basement?
(2) The big mouse wants to change houses with Mr. Timid. What is the attitude and practice of the big mouse? What is Mr. Timid's performance? What did the big mouse look like after the house was changed? Let children show the fierceness and pride of rats and the fear of timid gentlemen.
(3) The big mouse wants to drive away Mr. Timid. What happened to Mr. Timid? Let the children focus on the angry appearance of Mr. Timid and the brave behavior of chasing mice, so that the children can be inspired by the brave spirit of Mr. Timid. "I am very powerful!" " )
4. Make up the ending of the story. Review, say "Mr. Timid" again, and match it with "What happened to Mr. Timid? Can children guess? " Ask questions to guide the children to finish the story, imagine what Mr. Timid can do in the future, and find the result of the story development. You can ask questions to make children think and compose music, such as "Is Mr. Timid still afraid of mice?" "Mr. Timid grabbed a broom and let the mouse squeak away. What does Mr. Timid think? ""Does he want to be called Mr. Timid in the future? " The teacher chooses a story ending that conforms to the logic of the story and tells the fairy tale completely from beginning to end.
5. Organize children to discuss the characters and themes in fairy tales. The teacher asked the child a question: 1. Around the change of the relationship between Mr. Timid and the mouse, let the children tell their own experiences and feel the power of courage when listening to the story. 2. "What have you been afraid of? What are you afraid of? " The teacher also talked about the experience he had been afraid of and guided the children to get in touch with themselves. 3. "What should I do if I encounter something I am afraid of?" During the discussion, the teacher pointed out to the children: "When Mr. Timid realized that he was strong, he became brave." Help children come to the conclusion that "I am not a timid gentleman" and encourage children to be brave and strong.
Thirdly, audio-visual media make health education intuitive and emotional.
In the process of kindergarten health education, lively and interesting teaching methods and means are necessary conditions to achieve educational goals. Modern educational technology provides an effective carrier and technology for this. Modern educational media in modern educational technology-projection, TV, video, computer, etc. —— It has the advantages of vividness, image, strong appeal and easy to stimulate children's interest. It breaks the time and space restrictions and makes up for the lack of direct experience of children, thus encouraging children to actively participate in teaching activities. Therefore, in the process of education and teaching to help children acquire health knowledge and form healthy behaviors, properly grasping the educational opportunity and rationally using modern educational technology can make the use of means and target training harmonious and efficient.
For example, the theme of health education on tooth changing in our kindergarten is chosen when several children in the big class have started to change their teeth, and most of them have to change their teeth. In this way, using the personal experience of individual children to stimulate their interest can educate most people in advance and have a good effect on children's health education. At the same time, modern educational media are used to help children master health knowledge, and abstract and boring knowledge is moved to a vivid screen to make health education knowledge easy to understand. In order to let children know the importance of changing teeth and get through this period smoothly, we designed the topic "Baby needs to change teeth". Through the covering and twitching of the slide show, it shows why people change their primary teeth and grow their permanent teeth. Then play the video to let the children see the frightened expression of themselves or their friends when they lose their teeth in daily life. Children's stored experiences and emotional experiences are activated. They talked excitedly about their personal feelings and discussed what we should do when changing teeth. After lively and pleasant discussions, they learned the knowledge of "why people change their teeth, it is not terrible to change teeth, and how to make permanent teeth grow healthily", which prompted them to establish a correct attitude and form a good habit of consciously protecting their teeth.
When using modern educational media to carry out health education for children, we also pay special attention to keeping up with the social impact on children. The influence of social and environmental factors on children's physical and mental health can not be ignored. For example, in view of social security problems, appropriate educational activities can be carried out in time to teach children some basic self-protection strategies, such as not eating strangers' food and not casually walking with others. What I remember most clearly is that Chongqing TV broadcasted a news survey about children's safety awareness. Strangers easily coax their children into opening a room on the pretext of checking the water and electricity meter and visiting their parents and friends. The children received them innocently and enthusiastically, and some children were tricked into leaving with strangers ... The next day, we recorded the festival, replayed it for the children, and then discussed whether the children in the TV program did it right. What should you do in these situations? Finally, play the simulation game "What should I do?" Intensive and interesting activities give children a vivid self-protection education.
There are still many problems to be solved in the field of children's health education. Our park will make full use of the good natural environment and perfect equipment advantages, continue to cooperate with experts and scholars of the college, jointly explore the laws of health education, implement health education more effectively, and make the strategic research of health education more systematic, reasonable and perfect.
How do parents educate their children about sex
The role of parents
After fertilization, the sex of the fetus has been decided, and its "sexual desire" is gradually increasing. The so-called "sexual" characteristics generally refer to all physiological and psychological phenomena related to gender, as well as gender behavior. From the perspective of growth, it will naturally show and evolve the characteristics of "sex", but many times, parents only understand that their children's bodies will gradually mature, but they know little about their children's curiosity about sex because of their physical maturity, which will lead to anxiety and anxiety, such as children fondling their sexual organs and playing some sex games with their peers, such as checking each other's reproductive organs and imitating adult intimacy.
When children reach puberty, some behaviors involving "sexual desire" and "heterosexual communication" also confuse parents. Faced with these "sexual" characteristics, parents generally agree that sex education is needed for their children, but they don't know where to start. If parents can prepare for practical education, children can get correct sexual knowledge from their families during their growth without hearsay and confusion.
Parents' Views on Sex Education
1994 In early 1994, Caritas Hong Kong Family Life Education Group conducted a pilot questionnaire survey to find out parents' views on "sex education for preschool children". Among the 270 parents surveyed, most people agree that sex education has a positive effect on their children's growth, and think that what children need to know most is to confirm their gender, "physical function" and "understand their parents' behavior of expressing love", which they find the hardest to say.
As for who is the most suitable for sex education, it is considered that the responses of "parents" and "teachers" are equally divided. Parents attach so much importance to the responsibility of the school, which can reflect that they are facing difficulties and hope that teachers can take their place.
To sum up, the survey results show that most parents attach importance to sex education, but parents feel difficult and hesitant to play the role of promoters.
How to start sex education
Parents generally believe that when children actively ask sexual questions, such as why girls don't have penises, or participate in sexual games, such as touching their sexual organs, they should start educating their daughters. It is a natural opportunity for children to ask questions related to sex, but such practical education is passive, lacks planning and fails to provide appropriate counseling according to children's age.
In fact, parents can set educational goals and contents according to their children's physical and mental development stages, and actively impart sex-related knowledge to their children. Parents can teach pre-school children to distinguish gender, body organs and functions, and tell them that the arrival of life is based on their parents' love. For school-age children, parents can help them understand the growth of the body, the birth of life, the role and relationship between the sexes, and even sexual assault. In addition, parents need to clarify the correct and distorted sexual information transmitted by the media to their children from time to time.
When the child approaches puberty (starting from about nine years old), parents should help the child understand the physiological (such as body hair, lunar calendar) and psychological changes when the second sexual characteristic appears. In addition, the attitude of getting along and the relationship between "sex" and "love" are also important topics, which can help children establish a correct concept of sex.
How do parents cooperate with kindergartens to educate their children?
After children go to kindergarten, they spend most of the day in kindergarten. Parents should keep abreast of their children's situation in the park in order to better cooperate with kindergartens in educating their children.
Understand the situation of children in kindergarten, you can ask the teacher or talk to the children. For example, parents know that children's attention is not easy to concentrate, and consciously cultivating their attention after returning home will be more conducive to their growth. Another example is that children are shy by nature and don't like to associate with children. Parents can discuss with the teacher, who will consciously familiarize their children with and cooperate with other children's work.
When parents ask their teachers, they should ask specific questions instead of "How did he behave?" You can ask, "Is he willing to associate with children now?" "How does he eat?" The teacher can give you a specific answer. When children just enter the park, parents can also pick them up from kindergarten a little earlier to see their activities and get to know them better.
Don't protect children when they are punished by teachers. You should believe that the teacher's practice is reasonable. If it is really the teacher's improper practice, you can bring it up for discussion. If the teacher's practice harms the child's physical and mental health, report to the leader in time and let the child leave the original environment immediately.
Usually, parents should not criticize teachers in front of their children. Parents' evaluation of teachers will affect the prestige of teachers in the eyes of children and the educational effect of teachers. Children's disrespect for teachers will lead to the failure of teacher education.
How do parents cooperate with kindergartens in education?
(1) In early childhood, health and sports should be given priority. The development of intelligence and the formation of moral quality depend on children's health to a great extent. Children with weak constitution are prone to fatigue, depression and inattention, and their study and personality will inevitably be adversely affected. Malnutrition will cause backwardness in all aspects of the body. Therefore, parents should pay attention to cooperate with kindergartens, maintain a reasonable living system, develop children's good hygiene habits, avoid partial eclipse and snacks, and have regular activities such as diet, sleep and games.
(2) In terms of intellectual education, parents should pay attention to letting their children touch things through listening, watching, touching and smelling in daily life. Intentionally guide children to observe things, broaden their horizons, increase their knowledge, and pay attention to cultivating attention and memory. The process of children mastering knowledge is gradually developing, and parents should educate them patiently.
(3) Parents should also grasp the small things in daily life, pay attention to cultivating children's stable emotions, and concentrate their attention to lay a good foundation for entering primary school in the future. Parents should also pay attention to cultivating their children's oral expression ability.