The center of this civilization is around Baghdad, the capital of Iraq. Assyria was called Babylonia in the north and Babylonia in the south in ancient times. The northern part of Babylonia is called Akkad and the southern part is called Sumer. In ancient times, this area was inhabited by many races. It was an arid area, but the downstream land was fertile and the irrigation network was developed very early, forming an agricultural society centered on many cities.
The two river basins are the regions with the earliest cultural development in the world. It invented the first script for the world-cuneiform, built the first city in the world, compiled the first law, invented the first pottery wheel for making pottery, formulated the first seven-day cycle, and expounded the myth of creating the world and the great flood for the first time. Up to now, a large number of ancient written records (clay tablets) have been left for the world.
2. Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egyptian script was founded 3500 years ago, which is a hieroglyph called the holy book. This kind of writing is one of the oldest human writing, and it is often engraved on tombs, monuments, temple walls or stones of ancient Egyptians, so it is called "sacred writing". Ancient Egyptian civilization is one of the four ancient civilizations. The ancient Egyptians were not only famous for building pyramids, sphinxes and mummies, but also invented many things that had a far-reaching impact on later generations.
The culture of ancient Egypt is very rich. The hieroglyphics created had a great influence on the later Phoenician letters, while the Greek letters were created on the basis of the Phoenician letters. In addition, the pyramids, the lighthouse of Alexandria, the Temple of Amon and other buildings reflect the superb architectural technology and mathematical knowledge of the Egyptians, and have also made great achievements in geometry and calendar.
3. Ancient India
Ancient India is one of the cradles of human civilization and has made original contributions to human civilization in literature, philosophy and natural science. In literature, he created the immortal epics Mahabharata and Ramayana. In philosophy, he founded "Ming Dynasty Studies", which is equivalent to today's logic.
In natural science, the most outstanding contribution is the invention of universal counting method and the creation of 10 digital symbols including "0". The so-called Arabic numerals actually originated in India and only spread to the west through Arabs. In the 6th century BC, Buddhism came into being in ancient India and was later introduced to China, Viet Nam, Japan, Thailand and Myanmar.
4. Ancient China
From the pre-Qin period, the Book of Songs, Chu Ci, Han Fu, Jin Shu, Tang Poetry, Song Ci and Yuan Qu, to Zhang Hui's novels in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and then to the essays in the Republic of China, it depicts the glory in the history of ancient China literature. The subset of classics and history is the knowledge of traditional China. Li Chong of the Eastern Jin Dynasty formally defined the order of A, B, C and D, that is, the subset of classics and history, but he did not directly use the name of the subset of classics and history.
Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi, compiled in the early Tang Dynasty, is the first of the four existing classifications with a subset of Jing Shi as the class name. It is divided into four subsets: classic and history, and is divided into 40 subclasses. Each subset of classics and history has more than 69,570 books, more than 1, 320 translated books and 7,000 published books. Eight volumes, about 200 kinds of painting and calligraphy images. In addition, there are artistic records, Taoist records, calligraphy records, painting records, and communication into the eighth order.