Author: Gao Jun
/kloc-During the war of aggression against China in 0/4, Japanese imperialism carried out cruel military repression and crazy political persecution against the people in the occupied areas, and greedily plundered China's economic resources. At the same time, in order to cooperate with military, political and economic aggression, it also enforced enslavement education in the cultural field, practiced fascist colonial culture, plundered and destroyed China culture, and owed irreparable debts to the people of China.
( 1)
In order to enslave the people of China forever, Japanese imperialism first carried out slavery education in the ideological and cultural fields, carried out fascist colonial culture, and purposefully corrupted the people of China from the ideological and other aspects.
As soon as the Puppet Manchukuo came out, the Japanese ruling clique designed the ruling idea of "kingly politics" for it, claiming that it was "the best political system in the world" and "the medicine to bring back the dead in modern times", and Puyi and the young people around him also regarded it as a treasure. In fact, "kingly politics" is not the thought of imperial rule in China's feudal society, but a fascist imperial power way that embodies the so-called "Japanese spirit". Its center is "the meaning of the emperor's great heart must be shown", its purpose is "to educate people to act in their own way, and to train people to act in their own way", and its contents include "national harmony", "Japanese-Manchu integration", "Japanese-Manchu harmony" and "the spirit of founding the country". Obviously, putting the signboard of "kingly politics" on the head of the puppet Manchukuo is nothing more than establishing the principle of "sacred will" of the Japanese emperor in the ideological system of regime rule, that is, everything must be done in accordance with the will of the Japanese suzerain, and there must be no doubt or violation. This is the essence of "harmony between Japan and Manchuria" and "harmony between Japan and Germany".
Young students are the main targets of Japanese invaders' enslavement education. In order to imprison young people's thoughts in the ideological shackles of "kingly politics" and make them forget that they are descendants of the Yellow Emperor, the Japanese invaders forced the education of obscurantism in schools at all levels in Northeast China, and almost spared no effort to stuff things full of fascist emperors into textbooks of schools at all levels, calling them "spiritual education" classes, shamelessly peddling "the theory of Chinese culture coming from the East" and preaching that Manchuria is not China's territory. It is stipulated that these classes should account for one quarter to three quarters of the total class hours, and primary school students are forced to face east every morning, bow to the Japanese national Shinto Shinto God and the Japanese emperor three times respectively, and recite the so-called national training.
The Japanese invaders also started by forcing the people in the occupied areas to learn Japanese, in order to serve the deepening of enslavement education. 1933, under the auspices of the Japanese, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports and Sports of the Puppet Manchu Dynasty began to compile new textbooks for primary and secondary schools. By 1935, 22 kinds of 39 kinds of textbooks have been compiled, which not only makes Japanese a compulsory course, but also accounts for about one-third of the total class hours in the school. Some schools even stipulate that if primary and secondary schools fail the Japanese exam, they will not be able to graduate and enter higher schools, forcing students to study Japanese hard. In addition, the Japanese Puppet also set up a large number of Japanese specialized classes and night schools in the society, taking sending Japan away as bait to actively promote Japanese learning. Knowing that language is an important carrier of a national cultural tradition, the Japanese invaders forced China to learn Japanese, which was an important measure to destroy China culture and annihilate the national consciousness of China people. Therefore, the implementation of this measure is backed by bayonets and sticks, and violent repression is carried out if there is any objection. Moreover, in order to further impose fascist colonial ideas, consciousness, concepts and morality on the people in the occupied areas, the Japanese aggressors also implemented strict control policies on all cultural undertakings. News, publishing, film, broadcasting and other industries are controlled by the Japanese and puppet authorities, and their leaders are all Japanese literati or traitor scholars, which is called "official culture".
In terms of news, the Japanese puppet government has set up many newspapers in addition to absolutely prohibiting people from running newspapers. After the Japanese army captured Peiping and Tianjin, Tianjin Yongbao, which had been barking for many years, became more eager to move, becoming the largest newspaper sold by the Japanese and puppet troops in North China. At the same time, the "North Branch Dispatching Army Reporting Department" and the pseudo-General Security Department established Wude Newspaper as the organ newspaper in Beiping, and the pseudo-Xinmin Society also established Xinmin Newspaper. Published "New Declaration" and "Xinhua News" in Shanghai. In order to maintain the rule of the invaders, these newspapers have long advocated "peaceful anti-communism", "kingly way" and "establishing a new East Asian order". Of course, they are resisted by the people, and their sales range is very narrow. However, the Japanese puppet government can still "sell" or "give books" and "award prizes" by force, ranging from as few as 2,000 copies to as many as 40,000 copies, which will poison the people. 〔3〕
So is the book publishing industry. 1932 from March to July, the Japanese invaders forcibly burned more than 6.5 million books and periodicals with national consciousness in the northeast. Anyone who collects or disseminates works of Marxism and the Three People's Principles, works of modern writers such as Lu Xun, Guo Moruo and Mao Dun, and progressive books and periodicals in customs areas, once found, will be severely punished. If the circumstances are serious, they will be put into prison and sentenced to serve as an example. Especially in the late period of the Puppet Manchukuo, even the literature of Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties was not allowed to be taught in schools, and China's outstanding literary heritages such as Peach Blossom Garden, Yueyang Tower, Teacher's Evaluation and Qianchibi Fu disappeared from textbooks. [4] Its purpose is to block and destroy the Chinese national culture and imprison the promotion of Chinese national culture in Northeast China. At the same time, the Japanese invaders introduced a large number of Japanese colonial culture, filling and occupying all positions in the cultural field, making it difficult for the traditional culture of the Chinese nation to continue and develop here. According to statistics, in 1936, Japan imported 587,000 books to the northeast, and by 194 1, it had soared to 34.4 million. 1939, more than 54.95 million newspapers were imported from Northeast China, which was 0/0 times that of China. There are 8.27 million magazines, which is 487 times of the customs import. Based on the average daily input, the number of books, newspapers and magazines imported from Japan to Northeast China is 6.5438+0.5 million newspapers, 22,000 magazines and 49,000 books. [5] These large numbers of publications have flooded into the Northeast, and it is conceivable that the forced import of fascist colonial culture by Japanese invaders has reached an unbounded level. As for the film industry, Manchukuo 1937 established the "Manchuria Painting Association" in August, which was then known as "the first studio in Asia". It was jointly established by the puppet government and Manzhouli, the largest Japanese-funded enterprise in Northeast China, and was directly under the leadership of the State Council. Its first chairman was Jin Bidong, the historical chief of the famous spy Kawashima Yoshiko (Jin Bihui), and the real power was in the hands of Lin Xianzang, the general manager of Manchuria Railway. Most of the films made by Man Ying are directed by Japanese, and most of the founders are Japanese. Its top star is Li Xianglan (that is, Shuko Yamaguchi), who has the name of China and is actually Japanese. Such a composition determines that the production policy of Man Ying is to directly obey the will of the Japanese Kwantung Army Command, publicize militarism with film works, advocate "Japanese-Manchu friendship" and "harmony among five ethnic groups", and open up the horizon for its aggression. There are only two kinds of films, one is straight.
Secondly, the so-called "enlightenment movies" serving the war of aggression, such as "Northern Territory" and "Stretching Capital"; The other is romantic so-called "entertainment movies", such as Harbin Genv and Travel Notes to the East. Tadao Sato, a Japanese film critic, commented that these films "are just deception and humiliation unilaterally imposed on China by the Japanese." 〔6〕
With regard to the film industry south of the Yangtze River, Japan has adopted the method of being presided over by traitors and manipulated by the Japanese behind the scenes, and effectively used movies to serve its aggressive policy. 1943 in may, in order to strengthen the control of the film industry, the puppet regime of Wang promulgated the "overall planning measures for the film industry", which merged several film companies founded by traitors and literati to form the pseudo "China Film Union Co., Ltd." (that is, the pseudo "Huaying"), realized the so-called "trinity film national policy" of film distribution and screening, and carried out the so-called "undertaking the cultural war and ideological war in the Great East Asia War". Since then, the film industry under the jurisdiction of Wang puppet regime has been monopolized by Huaying. Its chairman is Wang Puppet Regime Propaganda Minister, directors include Chen Gongbo and Zhou Fohai, and the general manager is jie feng, director of the Shanghai Office of Wang Puppet Regime Propaganda Department, while the actual control is in the hands of Vice Chairman and Japanese Minister He He. In Hua Tuo's more than 80 works, the theme is not only "love-centered", but also the ambiguity of romantic love, which subtly erodes China people's struggle consciousness and rebellious spirit, and then openly publicizes aggression. For example,19441/Revenge on the Spring River, which was released in June, describes the story of a Japanese warrior Takayama Shinji who helped the Taiping Army fight. Takayama appeared as the savior of the Japanese people, boasting that Japan "loves East Asia and China" and shamelessly touting the aggression of Japanese militarists, so he was called "the symbol of cooperation, coexistence and common prosperity between Chinese and Japanese film circles" by the Japanese. However, this kind of film is resisted by the people in the occupied areas and has little effect on propaganda. 〔7〕
(2)
During the war of aggression against China, Japanese imperialism wantonly destroyed China's cultural, educational and scientific undertakings, frantically destroyed China's historical and cultural sites and plundered precious cultural relics, and carried out a "cultural massacre" in a planned and organized way, causing irreparable huge losses to the cultural undertakings of China and even the world.
First, barbaric destruction of schools and various cultural and educational institutions. Japanese invaders especially hate China's educational system and cultural system which spread and promote Chinese culture. They tried their best to destroy all kinds of teaching institutions in the occupied areas, especially universities, middle schools and primary schools. After the July 7th Incident, the Japanese army invaded China on a large scale, which set off a frenzy of destroying schools in various places. Before the fall of Tianjin, the Japanese bombed the famous city for four hours, but the focus was not on military camps or government agencies, but on the famous Nankai University. The bombing turned Nankai into ruins. During the Battle of Songhu, the Japanese bombed 6 1 cities in China, in which "universities and other cultural and educational facilities were deliberately targeted". The Central University in Nanjing was bombed three times in a row. Zhejiang University is an important target destroyed by the Japanese army. In order to insist on running a school, the whole school moved to the southwest, and Japanese planes followed the bombing. Zhejiang University was forced to move five times in three years. Libraries and museums all over the country, like the education system, have been seriously damaged. A document entitled "Education in China since 1937" submitted by the National Government to UNESCO in 1946 pointed out that the librarianship in China had the greatest influence after the Anti-Japanese War. There were 1848 national libraries before the war, but only 940 after the war, and most of them were in rags.
The turmoil caused by Japanese aggression prevented China's scientific research institutions from working normally, and many scientific research institutions were forced to move south to the southwest and northwest, and natural science research basically stagnated. For example, the world-famous Nanjing Purple Mountain Observatory has also moved to Sichuan, and it is unable to carry out its work. At the same time, scientific undertakings in Europe and America have developed rapidly. Therefore, Japanese aggression is one of the reasons why China lags behind other countries in natural science after the war.
Secondly, the destruction of famous cultural cities and historical sites is also appalling. Wherever the Japanese army went, it was cruel to burn, kill and plunder. Many famous historical and cultural cities were burned as soon as they were attacked and plundered by the Japanese army. Numerous places of interest were destroyed by the war, and hundreds of world-famous ancient buildings were razed to the ground. Its loss is unprecedented in the history of world culture. In the ancient capital Beijing, the ancient city of Wanping was destroyed by Japanese artillery fire, and the Lugou Bridge, known as the "Kelpolo Bridge", was seriously damaged. There is an ancient temple Yunju Temple built in the Sui Dynasty in Fangshan, west of Beijing. It is a huge ancient architectural complex with five courtyards and six halls, which was completely destroyed by the Japanese army. Even the Forbidden City has become a place for Japanese troops to train.
In Shanxi, where ancient buildings are like forests, the Japanese war burned all over the land of Sanjin. Jinci Temple on the outskirts of Taiyuan was built before the Northern Wei Dynasty and flourished in the Northern Song Dynasty. Taiyuan was badly damaged when the Japanese invaded it. Wutai Mountain, a famous Buddhist mountain, belongs to the Jinchaji base area. There are many buildings here since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, but the Japanese army swept through the base areas many times, and a large number of ancient buildings were burned down, causing unprecedented havoc.
Nanjing, the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties, was in ruins in the Nanjing Massacre that shocked China and foreign countries. The Confucius Temple dedicated to Confucius, the stone carving art treasure preserved in the 6th century BC-the stone unicorn in front of Wan 'an Mausoleum in Chen Wudi, the first Nanjing city wall built in the early Ming Dynasty, the mausoleum, temples and halls of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, the old mosque in Zhonghuamen West Street and the Buddhist temple in Niushou Mountain in Nanjing were all destroyed. From the northeast to Guangzhou, a large number of famous cities and places of interest were destroyed. According to the cultural relics loss appraisal form submitted by the National Government in 1946, 74 places of interest and historic interest were washed away. This statistic is far from comprehensive.
Third, destroy and rob precious cultural relics. In the war of aggression against China, the Japanese army systematically plundered China's cultural relics, and many priceless and rare treasures were plundered to Japan. If they can't be robbed, they will be destroyed. The exact number of cultural relics destroyed and robbed has not been completely determined. After the war, the Ministry of Education of the National Government compiled a catalogue of cultural relics plundered by Japan, including 3.607 million looted cultural relics, 1870 boxes, including ancient books, calligraphy and painting, rubbings, antiques and artworks. From prehistoric times to Han Dynasty, Tang Dynasty, Song Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, there are all kinds of rare cultural relics, and their prices are incalculable.
After the Japanese army invaded Nanjing, it set up a special organization to plunder books and cultural relics-the "Book and Literature Receiving Committee in the Enemy-occupied Area", which cooperated closely with Japanese authorities and investigated more than 70 units including Nanjing National Government, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Academia Sinica. From March 6th, 1938, the Japanese army used it again.
The army and secret agents looted the books and documents of the above-mentioned units. 1On August 7th, 986, Aoki, the former director of Dalian Library of Manchuria Railway, published the article "Nanjing Cultural History Massacre of Japanese Invaders" in "Red Flag of Japan", revealing the inside story of cultural plunder he was ordered to participate in. It is pointed out that 330 agents, 367 soldiers, 830 coolies, 3 10 vehicles and 880,000 books and documents were looted. These books and documents are extremely precious, including not only various central and local bulletins, but also more than 3,000 records of the Qing Dynasty by the Qing Emperor. [8] With regard to the loss of cultural relics in Nanjing, only the Catalogue of the Quantity and Valuation of the Loss of Public and Private Cultural Relics during the Anti-Japanese War in Nanjing, which was made by the preliminary post-war investigation, includes: books, public 40646 1 volume, boxes 156 boxes, species 1725, and private 53165433. Calligraphy and painting, 464 public, 7256 private, 6 boxes; Monument paste, public loss can not be calculated, private 385 1 block; Antiquities, Gong 2449 1, Private 2093; Musical instruments, 979 pieces and 63 boxes, private 1 1 species; Specimen: 134 14 public sample, 1 165 box, 7200 private samples; Miscellaneous items, 648,368 from the public. The loss list of ancient books, antiquities and rubbings reported by Yin Ruins of Academia Sinica did not list the detailed number of losses. There are 1052 boxes of specimens lost from the historical language of Academia Sinica, including 954 boxes of animal bones and pottery pieces, which are invaluable. In addition, the loss of folk antiquities is countless.
(3)
Looking at the historical facts of Japanese imperialism's cultural aggression against China, it is not difficult to see that there are three remarkable characteristics:
First, there is a clear purpose. When the Japanese invaders invaded China, they raised a military and cultural double-edged sword. They understand that a country can't be conquered by force alone, and colonial rule can't be successful without cultural submission. Cultural conquest is the real national subjugation and extinction. Therefore, the fundamental purpose of their aggressive policies and measures in the cultural field is to destroy the national consciousness of the people of China, and make the people of China forget the history, culture and traditions of the Chinese nation and their motherland, and become obedient subjects of imperialism.
Second, it is systematic and organized. In order to achieve the above objectives, the Japanese invaders took great pains in the process of cultural aggression against China, and made careful planning and organization: they carried out enslavement education for the ignorant people ideologically, implemented control policies in cultural propaganda, destroyed cultural and educational institutions, and destroyed and plundered cultural heritage. All these show that the Japanese invaders are carrying out systematic and comprehensive cultural aggression.
Third, barbarism and madness are extremely rare. In the war of aggression against China, the Japanese invaders frantically destroyed Chinese famous cultural cities and places of interest, and greedily plundered precious cultural relics. The sheer number, wide scope and brutal means fully reflected the brutality and madness of Japanese militarism. This is the deepest invasion of Chinese civilization by imperialism in the wars of aggression against China in the past century, and it is also rare in the history of world aggression.
Precautions:
[1] The Kwantung Army Command formulated the basic idea of Manchukuo and the essence of harmony.
[2] @ ① Tian Daomi: History of Manchuria Education [Japan], Showa 10 12.
[3] Wei Hongyun's Draft Modern History of China (below), Heilongjiang People's Publishing House, 1985, p. 82.
[4] "Memories of Jilin Education", "Jilin Literature and History Materials", Series 4.
[5] Jiang Niandong et al. History of the Puppet Manchukuo, Jilin People's Publishing House, 1986, p. 426.
[6] [7] Yi Lee: Movies in Enemy-occupied Areas during the Anti-Japanese War, No.3 in the Spring and Autumn Period of the Republic of China, 199 1.
[8] Di, et al.: "The whole story of cultural plunder by Japanese invaders in Nanjing", Journal of Liaoning Normal University, No.5, 1988.
Notes about words not stored in fonts:
@ ① The original word is Mountain Plus Bird, with left and right structure.