(1) The first industrial revolution: it was a leap from workshop handicraft industry to machine mass production. It is not only a revolution in production technology, but also a profound social revolution, which has caused great changes in production relations.
(2) The second industrial revolution:19th century, with the development of capitalist economy, natural science research has made great progress. Around 1870, various new technologies and inventions emerged one after another, which were quickly applied to industrial production and promoted economic development.
(3) The third scientific and technological revolution: it is another great leap in the field of science and technology after the steam technology revolution and the electric power technology revolution in the history of human civilization. It not only greatly promotes the changes in the economic, political and cultural fields of human society, but also affects the way of life and thinking of human beings, and makes human social life and human modernization develop to a higher level. This is by far the largest and most far-reaching scientific and technological revolution in human history.
2. The conditions and development characteristics of the rise of the three industrial revolutions (scientific and technological revolutions)
(1) The preconditions of the first industrial revolution: ① the establishment of British bourgeois rule. ② The enclosure movement made a large number of farmers become paid workers. (3) Slave trade and colonial plunder brought a lot of capital. (4) accumulated production technology and scientific knowledge in handicraft industry period. ⑤ The largest colonial country was formed and the foreign market expanded. Development characteristics: ① Starting from Britain. ② It happened in England (1mid-8th century) and spread to France, America, Germany, Italy, Russia, Austria and Japan. (3) From the point of view of the invention and use of the machine, it was mainly done by workers and technicians with practical experience. ④ Human society has entered the "age of steam".
(2) Prerequisites for the second industrial revolution: ① 65438+The establishment of the capitalist system in the 1960s and 1970s in 2009 provided political guarantee for the second industrial revolution. Since the first industrial revolution, the continuous progress of science and technology has accumulated experience for the second industrial revolution. ③ The capitalist world system was initially formed, and the capitalist world market was formed. (4) the accumulation of capital, the development of capital and the plunder of colonies have accumulated a lot of capital. ⑤ Great development of natural science. Development characteristics: ① The second industrial revolution occurred almost simultaneously in several developed capitalist countries. ② The new development of natural science began to be closely combined with industrial production, and science and technology played an important role. In some countries, two industrial revolutions were carried out simultaneously. The application of scientific and technological achievements in industry has had a great impact in three aspects: a, the development and utilization of new energy; B. Creation of new machines and products; C, long-distance communication; Five, people have entered the "electrical age" from "age of steam", and a new traffic age has arrived.
(3) Prerequisites for the third scientific and technological revolution: ① The world situation is relatively stable after World War II. (2) There has been a breakthrough in the theory of electronic science, and the development of science and technology has a certain material and technical foundation. (3) Social needs, especially during and after World War II, countries urgently need science and technology. Development characteristics: ① Science and technology play an increasingly important role in promoting the development of productive forces, and the speed of transforming science and technology into direct productive forces is accelerated. ② Science and technology are closely combined and mutually promoted, which makes the field of scientific research and exploration open continuously. (3) Science and technology permeate each other. On the one hand, there are more and more disciplines, more and more detailed division of labor, and more and more in-depth research. On the other hand, the relationship between disciplines is getting closer and closer, the degree of mutual penetration is getting deeper and deeper, and scientific research is developing in a comprehensive direction. It is an important feature of the third scientific and technological revolution that military technology takes the lead in breaking through and then drives civilian technology.
3. The connection between the first industrial revolution and the second industrial revolution
The second industrial revolution is the continuation and expansion of the first industrial revolution.
First of all, as far as the development of productive forces is concerned, the first industrial revolution greatly improved productive forces and consolidated the ruling foundation of capitalist countries; The second industrial revolution promoted the development of productive forces more quickly and made the capitalist economy begin to undergo major changes.
Secondly, as far as the mode of production is concerned, the first industrial revolution established a modern capitalist mode of production, and large machine production replaced scattered handicraft workshops; The second industrial revolution further concentrated production and capital, resulting in monopoly, and capitalism began to transition to imperialism.
Third, both industrial revolutions were production leaps based on technology and invention. Science and technology is the principle of the primary productive force, which has been fully reflected in the two industrial revolutions.
Fourth, the industrial sectors that emerged in the first industrial revolution were all technically transformed in the second industrial revolution, giving them greater vitality.
Fifth, the first industrial revolution greatly closed the links around the world and formed the capitalist world system; The second industrial revolution made the world an inseparable whole, and the capitalist world system was finally formed.
Sixth, the first industrial revolution caused great changes in the social structure, which split the whole society into two directly opposite classes; The second industrial revolution made the opposition between the two classes more obvious and intense.
4. Why did the third industrial revolution first happen in America?
(1) technical conditions-In order to win the Second World War, the United States actively developed new weapons. Such as the "Manhattan Project" to build atomic bombs and electronic computers. All these have promoted the development of the post-war scientific and technological revolution. A major breakthrough in scientific theory is also its technical basis, such as Einstein's theory of relativity. (2) Material conditions-the strengthening of state monopoly capitalism and America's solid material foundation, superior natural and human resources and vast domestic market are conducive to mass production. (3) Institutional conditions-The United States is the first bourgeois democratic constitutional country. The relative stability of social politics is its political guarantee. (4) Cultural conditions-Americans come from all over the world and integrate the cultural traditions of all ethnic groups; Especially in World War II, we used the form of war to compete for the most scientific and technological talents and promote the cultivation of domestic talents. Around World War II, a group of outstanding European scientists such as Einstein and von Neumann poured in. Since World War II, the American government has attached great importance to science and technology and actively taken measures to promote the development of science and technology, which directly contributed to the rise of the third scientific and technological revolution in the United States.
5. The profound influence of the three industrial revolutions (scientific and technological revolutions)
(1) The first scientific and technological revolution was not only a great change in productivity, but also a profound social change. Productivity: it has changed the production technology and labor tools, and also changed the industrial structure. (1) The industrial revolution shifted from manual operation to large machine production. (2) Handicraft workshops have been replaced by a new form of production organization-factories. Textile, metallurgy, coal mining, machine building and transportation have become the five pillars of capitalist industry. Social change: ① It causes the increase of population and great changes of social and economic structure. The abundance of material products, the improvement of social conditions and the huge demand for the development of productive forces have made the British population explode. At the same time, the mobility of British society has been greatly accelerated with the development of industrialization, especially the transportation industry, which has led to the spread of British industrial economic centers and the wave of urbanization. (2) It has caused changes in the social class structure, which has increasingly divided the whole society into two directly opposite classes-the industrial bourgeoisie and the proletariat, and the workers' movement is on the rise. ③ It has promoted the formation of the world capitalist system and a new international political pattern. The industrial revolution greatly strengthened the ties between all parts of the world, established the bourgeois rule over the world, and Britain soon became the world hegemon. With capitalist countries seizing commodity markets, raw materials and expanding colonies in the world, the East began to be subordinate to the West. On the other hand, advanced production technologies and models spread all over the world, which violently impacted the old ideas and systems in these areas. The formation of the capitalist world system. (4) It has promoted the climax of liberal reform in capitalist countries, the growing bourgeoisie and the development of liberal capitalism.
(2) The Second Industrial Revolution: ① It greatly promoted the economic development, and formed many new industrial sectors, such as electronic industry and electrical appliance manufacturing, oil exploration and petrochemical industry, and emerging communication industry. ② Further adjustment of production relations. With the development of production, the high concentration of production and capital leads to monopoly and capitalism enters the stage of imperialism. (3) Due to the imbalance of political and economic development among countries. It leads to the division, aggression and competition among imperialist countries, and forms the world capitalist colonial system. The number of workers in capitalist countries has soared, the ranks of the proletariat have grown, and the workers' movement has gradually reached its climax. At the same time, the colonial and semi-colonial capitalist economy was formed and the national democratic movement rose.
(3) The Third Industrial Revolution: ① Promoted the development of social productive forces: Under the conditions of the new scientific and technological revolution, the labor productivity was improved mainly through the continuous progress of production technology, the continuous improvement of workers' quality and skills, and the continuous improvement of labor means. (2) It has promoted the changes of social and economic structure and life structure: the proportion of primary industry and secondary industry in the national economy has decreased, while the proportion of tertiary industry has increased; In order to adapt to the development of science and technology, capitalist countries have generally strengthened state monopoly capitalism and greatly strengthened their support and capital investment in science and technology. With the progress of science and technology, all aspects of human daily life have changed, such as food, clothing, housing and transportation. (3) It has promoted the adjustment of the international economic structure: with the development of science and technology and the increasingly close interdependence and contact of the economies of all countries in the world, the competition of science and technology has become increasingly important in the international economic competition. The gap in scientific and technological level further widens the economic gap between developed and developing countries. ④ The third scientific and technological revolution made management science develop into a real science with rich contents and realized modernization. ⑤ On the one hand, the third scientific and technological revolution has aggravated the imbalance in the development of capitalist countries and brought about new changes in the international status of capitalist countries; On the other hand, it gives a strong impetus to the struggle between socialist countries and western capitalist countries. The development of scientific and technological revolution has also brought a series of thorny social problems, such as the deterioration of ecological environment, excessive consumption of natural resources and energy, and the threat of nuclear disaster. The uncontrollable vicious development of these problems has made the human situation more and more seriously troubled and become a global issue of concern to the whole world.
6. Similarities and differences of three scientific and technological revolutions
Similarities: ① All of them are valued by the domestic government. (2) both cause great changes in social relations. The first scientific and technological revolution led to the emergence of two opposing classes-the industrial bourgeoisie and the proletariat; The second scientific and technological revolution led to the formation of monopoly capitalism, and state institutions began to combine with monopoly organizations; The third scientific and technological revolution has promoted the changes of social economic structure and social life structure, as well as the changes of people's daily clothes, food, shelter, transportation and use. (3) It has a significant impact on the world pattern. In the first scientific and technological revolution, the colonial expansion of the great powers caused the subordination of the East to the West. The second scientific and technological revolution formed the colonial system of world capitalism; The third scientific and technological revolution has promoted the adjustment of the international economic structure. (4) Economically, they have accelerated the development of the capitalist world economy.
Differences: ① Both the first and second scientific and technological revolutions had a relatively peaceful international environment; The third scientific and technological revolution began during World War II and continues to this day. (2) From the inventor's point of view, the first scientific and technological revolution was a laborer, guided by experience or skills, and the invention was a summary of production experience; The second and third scientific and technological revolutions were mostly scientists and engineers, and all kinds of inventions were made on the basis of accurate natural science research results. (3) From the birthplace, the first scientific and technological revolution began in Britain, and it took about half a century to really start in various countries; The second and third scientific and technological revolutions are multi-source. ④ From the breakthrough point, the first scientific and technological revolution took light industry as the breakthrough point; The second scientific and technological revolution took heavy industry as the breakthrough; The third scientific and technological revolution took the military industry as the breakthrough.
7. The relationship between the three industrial revolutions (scientific and technological revolutions) and the capitalist world market
(1) The expansion of the market promoted the development of the scientific and technological revolution: ①1In the middle of the 8th century, Britain became the largest colonial country, which made preparations for the development of the industrial revolution. ②/kloc-Around the middle of the 9th century, the United States, Germany, Japan and Russia established a unified domestic market through bourgeois revolution or reform. At the same time, due to the strengthening of colonial expansion, the competition in the world capitalist market was fierce, which promoted the development of the second industrial revolution. After World War II, with the recovery of capitalist economy and the development of state monopoly capitalism, a new round of market competition began, which accelerated the development of the third scientific and technological revolution.
(2) The scientific and technological revolution has promoted the further expansion of the capitalist market, and at the same time, it has intensified the competition for the market among countries: (1) The first industrial revolution quickly improved social productivity, made the East subordinate to the West, and the capitalist world market was formed. ② The second industrial revolution provided a broader road for economic development. The high concentration of production and capital led to monopoly, colonial expansion intensified, the world was divided up, and the capitalist world market finally formed. The third scientific and technological revolution greatly accelerated the development of modern productive forces, which led to the intensification of the post-war capitalist countries' competition for the market. At the same time, the struggle between developed and developing countries around market monopoly and anti-monopoly has become increasingly acute.
8. Different influences of three industrial revolutions (scientific and technological revolutions) on China.
(1) The first scientific and technological revolution: On the one hand, Britain, France, the United States and other countries that took the lead in the industrial revolution strongly demanded the opening of raw material producing areas and commodity sales markets to the outside world, pushing them to launch two opium wars against backward and closed China at that time. China began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country, and economically became a vassal of the western capitalist economy. On the other hand, the industrial revolution has greatly strengthened the links all over the world. Under the guidance of western capitalist industries, China's westernization industry and national capitalist industry gradually rose in coastal areas, China produced a capitalist mode of production, and China's modernization process got off to a difficult start.
(2) The Second Industrial Revolution: On the one hand, after the Industrial Revolution, with the concentration of capital and the emergence of "excess capital", western colonialists stepped up their efforts to export capital to China, which set off a frenzy to carve up China politically, and China faced an unprecedented national crisis. On the other hand, the political movements in China, such as the Reform and Reform Movement and the Revolution of 1911, have come and gone, which objectively affected China's absorption and transformation of the achievements of the scientific and technological revolution and lost an important opportunity to catch up with the trend of the world scientific and technological revolution.
(3) The third scientific and technological revolution: On the one hand, due to the hostility and blockade of the western camp led by the United States to socialist China after the war, and the interference of a series of "Left" errors in domestic politics and economy, China once again missed the trend of the world scientific and technological revolution, which affected China's modernization and overall improvement of its comprehensive national strength. However, different from the previous two industrial revolutions, even under the extremely difficult international and domestic background at that time, scientists in China have made great scientific and technological achievements in the fields of atomic energy, space technology and molecular biology, and the people of China have also made their own contributions to the world's scientific and technological development. Especially after the reform and opening up, China opened its doors and actively introduced and absorbed the world's advanced science and technology and management methods, thus catching up with the trend of the world's scientific and technological revolution and greatly promoting China's modernization.
9. What does the rapid third scientific and technological revolution mean to China? How should China respond?
The rapid scientific and technological revolution is both an opportunity and a challenge for our country. At present, international competition is becoming increasingly fierce. The essence of international competition is the contest of comprehensive national strength based on economy and science and technology. Whether China can gain an advantage in the development of science and technology and enhance its comprehensive national strength on the basis of economy and science and technology will ultimately determine its international position. The third scientific and technological revolution provides an opportunity for China to achieve leapfrog development. If China can keep up with the trend of scientific and technological revolution, it will occupy a favorable position in the future world pattern; Otherwise it will be controlled by others.
Countermeasures: ① China's third strategic goal is to basically realize modernization in 2050, which should be the era of information technology and knowledge economy. This requires us to implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education and the strategy of sustainable development, vigorously develop new sciences, and actively develop emerging industries and high-tech industries such as information, bioengineering, new energy, new materials and environmental protection. In particular, it is necessary to speed up the process of informationization, combine industrialization with informationization, promote informationization and knowledge with industrialization, and promote industrialization with informationization and knowledge to realize the leap-forward development of productive forces. (2) Transform traditional industries with high-tech and advanced and applicable technologies, improve the technological level and equipment level of these industries through technological transformation and equipment renewal, and strive to improve the overall quality and international competitiveness of traditional industries. ③ Develop knowledge-based economy, build a national innovation system, improve the ability of knowledge innovation, technological innovation and institutional innovation, strive to improve the scientific quality of the whole nation, and cultivate and bring up a large number of outstanding scientific and technological talents.
10. the relationship between "scientific revolution", "technological revolution", "industrial revolution" and "industrial revolution"
Scientific revolution usually refers to the leap of human understanding of nature and the great change of social organization form of scientific research, which is the theoretical basis of technological revolution; The technological revolution refers to the major changes in production tools and technological processes, and the industrial revolution is caused by the technological revolution, which means that the actual industrial structure of the national economy has undergone fundamental changes and the economic and social outlook has taken on a new look. It has both the nature and content of science and technology and the nature and content of economy and society. The scientific and technological revolution will only promote the industrial revolution if certain economic and social conditions are met, and not every scientific and technological revolution can lead to the industrial revolution.