Stephen Hawking, one of the great men with international reputation in this century, is 60 years old and was born on the anniversary of Galileo's death. He is a professor in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics of Cambridge University, and also the most important general relativity and cosmologist of our time. In 1970s, together with Penrose, he proved the famous singularity theorem, for which they jointly won the Wolff Prize in Physics of 1988. He is therefore known as the most famous scientific thinker and the most outstanding theoretical physicist in the world after Einstein. "He also proved the area theorem of black holes. Hawking's life is very legendary, and he is one of the most outstanding scientists in history in scientific achievements. His position is the highest professorship in the history of Cambridge University, that is, Lucasson Professor of Mathematics once held by Newton and Dirac. He holds several honorary degrees and is a member of the Royal Society. He suffers from Luger's disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) and has been in a wheelchair for 20 years. However, he was physically and mentally disabled and turned it into an advantage, overcoming his disability and becoming a supernova in the international physics community. He can't write or even read clearly, but he transcends relativity, quantum mechanics and the Big Bang theory and enters the "geometric dance" to create the universe. Although he was so helpless in a wheelchair, his thoughts traveled brilliantly in the vast space and time, and solved the mystery of the universe.
Professor Hawking is a modern popular science novelist. His masterpiece is A Brief History of Time written in 1988, which is an excellent astronomical popular science novel. The author's imagination is rich, his ideas are wonderful, his language is beautiful and his words are meticulous, which is even more surprising. The outside world, the future changes are so magical and wonderful. This book has a cumulative circulation of 25 million copies and has been translated into nearly 40 languages. 1992 The film of the same name cost 3.5 million pounds. Hawking firmly believes that the basic ideas about the universe and the origin of life can be expressed without mathematics, and the world should be able to understand his profound theory through the audio-visual media such as movies. This book is a popular reading about exploring the nature of time and the frontier of the universe. It is the most important classic work about the scientific thought of the universe, which has changed the concept of the universe. As soon as this book was published, it caused great repercussions all over the world. A Brief History of Time is a landmark book for readers who prefer words to equations. She is good at being a contributor to human thoughts. This is a book that pursues knowledge infinitely and explores the essence of time and space.
As the undisputed authority of cosmology, the sequel of A Brief History of Time has always attracted readers with its research results and life. The sequel to A Brief History of Time is for readers who want to know more about Professor Hawking's life and his theory. The book describes Professor Hawking's life course and research work in the form of frank and sincere personal interviews, and shows the real "people" behind the huge theoretical framework. This book is not an ordinary oral history, but an extremely touching and charming portrait and description of one of the greatest thoughts of mankind in the twentieth century. For non-professional readers, this book is undoubtedly an opportunity for them to enjoy the fruits of human civilization and a source of valuable inspiration.
Hawking lectures-Black holes, baby universes and others are a collection of 13 articles and speeches written by Hawking during the period of 1976- 1992. This paper discusses the birth of baby universes caused by virtual time and black holes, and the efforts of scientists to seek a completely unified theory, and puts forward unique views on free will, the value of life and death.
The essence of time and space was expressed in a complete mathematical form 80 years ago, and the basic principles of quantum theory appeared 70 years ago. However, can these two most accurate and successful theories in the whole physics be unified in a single quantum gravity? Two of the most famous physicists in the world debated this question. This book is based on six speeches and final debates given by Hawking and Penrose at Cambridge University.
The Charm of the Future begins with Stephen Hawking's prediction of the future of the universe in a billion years and ends with Don Kubit's understanding of the final judgment. It introduces the development of prediction and the methods we use to predict the future today. The text of this book is easy to understand. While expounding his own views, the author also answered some interesting questions, which is very interesting to read.
————————————
Stephen william hawking, born on 194218 October, graduated from Oxford University and Trinity College of Cambridge University successively, and obtained a doctorate in philosophy from Cambridge University. In the later stage of college study, I began to suffer from "amyotrophic lateral sclerosis" (motor neuron disease) and paraplegia. He overcame the difficulty of disability and entered gonville and Caius College of Cambridge University as a researcher on 1965. During this period, he founded the famous theory that the beginning of the universe is "a point of infinite density" on the study of the origin of the universe. Since 1969, he has been a researcher of outstanding scientific achievements in gonville and Caius College. 1972- 1975 has been engaged in research work in the Institute of Astronomy and the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics of Cambridge University, 1975- 1977 as a senior lecturer in gravitational physics, and 1977- 1979 as a professor. In the meantime, 1974 was elected as the youngest member of the Royal Society. 1974- 1975 is a meritorious scholar in fairchild lecture of California Institute of Technology. 1978 won the Einstein Prize, the highest prize in theoretical physics research in the world. Hawking's fame began with the research results of black holes. After the integration of Einstein, another great theory of the 20th century-quantum theory. He thinks that the universe is limited, but it can't find the margin, just as the earth's surface is limited but it can't find the margin. Time also has a beginning, from about 654.38+0.5 billion years to 20 billion years ago. 1988 won the Wolf Prize in Physics.
Hawking lost his language ability in 1985, and the only tool to express his thoughts was a computer speech synthesizer. He used a few movable fingers to manipulate a special mouse to select letters and words on the computer screen to make sentences, and then played the sound through the computer. Usually it takes 5 or 6 minutes to make a sentence, and it takes 10 day to synthesize an hour of recorded speech. A Brief History of Time was written in 1988. By the end of 1995 and 10, the book has been translated into dozens of languages and the Chinese version has been published.
He is the author of Large-scale Structure of Space-time (co-authored with 1973), General Relativity: A Century Review of Einstein (co-edited with 1979), Hyperspace and Hypergravity (co-edited with 198 1), and Cosmic
1990 divorced his wife Jane Wilde after 25 years of marriage. 1September 199516th, married his nurse Elaine Mei Sen.
————————————
Stephen? Hawking's Life and Resume
Ynet.com(08/ 15 14: 16)
Stephen Hawking, one of the great men with international reputation in this century. Currently, he is Lucson Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University. He is the most outstanding theoretical physicist in the world after Einstein.
All his life, he devoted himself to studying the space-time field where the general physical theorem of black holes no longer applies and the Big Bang principle of the origin of the universe. His prediction that black holes can emit radiation (now called Hawking radiation) is now an accepted hypothesis. In 1970s, together with Penrose, he proved the famous singularity theorem. Together, they won the Wolf Prize in Physics in 1988. In addition, his A Brief History of Time has sold 25 million copies, giving a good introduction to quantum physics and relativity.
1942 65438+1October 8th
Born in Oxford, England.
1962
After completing the physics degree course at Oxford University, he went to Cambridge University for postgraduate study. British astronomer Fred Hoyle (19 15-), the hero of Hawking's youth, is a professor of astronomy here. Hawking was diagnosed with motor neuron disease.
1965
Be awarded a doctorate. His research shows that the mathematical equation used to explain the collapse of black holes can also explain the expansion of the universe from a point.
1970
Hawking studied the characteristics of black holes. He predicted that the radiation from black holes (now called Hawking radiation) and the surface area of black holes would never decrease.
1974
Elected as a member of the Royal Society. He went on to prove that black holes have temperature, black holes emit thermal radiation, and gasification will lead to mass loss.
1980
Lucas, a professor of mathematics at Cambridge University (isaac newton once held this position).
1988
The publication of A Brief History of Time has become a bestseller of quantum physics and relativity.
1996 till now
Continue to work at Cambridge University.
Professor Stephen Hawking is the most famous physicist in the world today, the founder of the black hole theory and the Big Bang theory, and the author of the famous A Brief History of Time. He is currently the chairman of the Mathematics Center of Cambridge University. This position is Newton's position before his death.
Stephen Hawking (1942-)
Stephen hawking, a British physicist, has spent his whole life studying the space-time and the Big Bang principle of the origin of the universe, which is no longer applicable to the general physical theorem of black holes. His prediction that black holes can emit radiation (now called Hawking radiation) is now an accepted hypothesis. His research work is far less well-known in the scientific community than his best-selling book A Brief History of Time. His best-selling book has sold 25 million copies, giving a lot of introduction to quantum physics and relativity.
1942 65438+1October 8th
Born in Oxford, England.
1962
After completing the physics degree course at Oxford University, he went to Cambridge University for postgraduate study. British astronomer Fred Hoyle (19 15-), the hero of Hawking's youth, is a professor of astronomy here. Hawking was diagnosed with motor neuron disease.
1965
Be awarded a doctorate. His research shows that the mathematical equation used to explain the collapse of black holes can also explain the expansion of the universe from a point.
1970
Hawking studied the characteristics of black holes. He predicted that the radiation from black holes (now called Hawking radiation) and the surface area of black holes would never decrease.
1974
Elected as a member of the Royal Society. He went on to prove that black holes have temperature, black holes emit thermal radiation, and gasification will lead to mass loss.
1980
Lucas, a professor of mathematics at Cambridge University (isaac newton once held this position).
Choose the wrong door wall
Hawking's great achievements in astrophysics today have a lot to do with his choice of tutor when he first arrived in Cambridge.
At that time, Hawking wanted to learn from Huo Yier, a famous British astrophysicist. Huo Yier's theory about the steady state of the universe was very influential at that time, but Professor Huo Yier's graduate students were full, so Hawking had to transfer to Professor Siam's graduate students.
It is under the leadership of Professor Siama that Hawking began to think and study BIGBANG theory, which is completely opposite to Professor Huo Yier's theory of the steady state of the universe. The steady-state theory of the universe holds that the past, present and future of the universe are basically in the same state, with the same structure and endless time. The Big Bang theory holds that the beginning of the universe and time originated from a huge explosion of the universe, which caused the major galaxies now, and the major galaxies and the whole universe are always in the process of constant change and development.
Professor Hawking later joked: Fortunately, he didn't go to graduate school with Professor Huo Yier, otherwise he would have to constantly defend the theory of the steady state of the universe.
————————————
Who is Hawking? He is a brain, a myth, the most outstanding theoretical physicist of our time, a giant in the name of science ... perhaps, he is just a warrior who challenges his fate in a wheelchair.
A wise brain was born.
Stephen Hawking was born in194265438+1October 8th. At this time, his hometown London was shrouded in Hitler's indiscriminate bombing.
Hawking and his sister spent their childhood in several towns near London. Many years later, their neighbors recalled that Hawking was lying in the cradle car, which was very eye-catching, and his head looked very big, which was different from ordinary people-mostly because Hawking's reputation and achievements were far from ordinary people, and neighbors could not help but re-portray the image of gifted children in their memories.
However, in this dull and conservative town, the Hawkins really look different. Hawking's parents both received formal university education. His father is a doctor who studies tropical diseases, while his mother has engaged in many occupations. Residents of small towns are often surprised to see Hawkins driving an old used car across the street to the suburbs-before the car entered the homes of British citizens. However, this strange car expanded Hawkins' freedom of movement.
Hawking is keen to find out the ins and outs of everything, so when he sees a novel thing, he always likes to take it apart and understand the structure of each part-but it is often difficult for him to put it back because his hands and feet are far less flexible than his mind, and even his handwriting is famous in class.
Hawking/Kloc-entered Oxford University to study physics at the age of 0/7. He is still not a hard-working student, and this attitude is consistent with other students at that time. This is a period of confusion for young people after the war-they are tired of everything and feel that there is nothing worth pursuing. Hawking hangs out with his classmates at school, drinks and joins the rowing club. In the long run, he is likely to become an ordinary employee or teacher. However, the disease appeared.
The disease appeared.
Since childhood, sports have never been Hawking's strong point, and he is not good at almost all ball games.
In his third year at Oxford, Hawking noticed that he became more clumsy, and once or twice he fell down for no reason. Once, he suddenly fell down the stairs for some unknown reason, immediately fell into a coma and almost died.
It was not until 1962 that Hawking was a graduate student in Cambridge that his mother noticed her son's abnormal condition. Hawking, who just celebrated 2 1 birthday, spent two weeks in the hospital. After various examinations, it was diagnosed as "Luger's disease", that is, motor neuron atrophy.
The doctor told him that his body would get out of control more and more, and only his heart, lungs and brain could function. Finally, the heart and lungs will also fail. Hawking was only sentenced to two years in prison. That was at 1963.
At first, the disease deteriorated quite quickly. The blow to Hawking can be imagined. He almost gave up all his studies and research because he didn't think he could finish his master's thesis alive. However, a woman appeared.
The wheelchair appeared.
Hawking's condition is getting worse and worse. 1970, Hawking, whose academic reputation is growing day by day, was unable to walk by himself, and he began to use a wheelchair. To this day, he has never left it.
Hawking, who has been sitting in a wheelchair, works and lives extremely tenaciously.
199 1 In March, Hawking returned to his apartment in Berlin in a wheelchair. When crossing the road, he was knocked down by a car. The left arm was broken, the head was cut off, and 13 stitches were stitched. However, 48 hours later, he returned to work in the office.
On another occasion, he and his friends went to a country house. When going uphill, they turned too hard and the wheelchair fell backwards. I didn't expect the master of gravity to be overturned in the bushes by the gravity of the earth.
Despite the growing physical disability, Hawking still tries to live like an ordinary person and accomplish what he can. He's even lively-it sounds a bit funny. After he was completely unable to move, he still insisted on driving a wheelchair with his only movable finger on the way to the office. In a hotel in Moscow, he suggested that everyone dance. The way he turned the wheelchair in the hall was really a miracle. When meeting Prince Charles, he turned his wheelchair to show off and ran over Prince Charles' toes.
Of course, Hawking also tasted the consequences of "freedom" action. The master of quantum gravity fell from his wheelchair many times under the weak gravity of the earth. Fortunately, every time he stubbornly "stood up".
1985, Hawking underwent tracheal surgery, and since then he has completely lost the ability to speak. It is under such circumstances that he made great efforts to write the famous A Brief History of Time and explored the origin of the universe. Hawking achieved great success, but the reality of life replaced the romance of love, and his marriage with Jane came to an end.
Intuition: Black holes are not black.
Hawking's research object is the universe, but he has never been interested in observing astronomy, and has only observed it several times through a telescope. Compared with traditional scientific methods such as experiment and observation, Hawking's method relies on intuition.
The great achievement of "black hole is not black" comes from the flash of an idea. 1970 1 1 One night in June, Hawking slowly climbed into bed and began to think about the problem of black holes. He suddenly realized that a black hole should have a temperature, so that it would release radiation. In other words, black holes are not that black.
This epiphany, after three years of thinking, formed a complete theory. 1973165438+1October, Hawking officially announced to the world that black holes constantly emit X-rays and gamma rays, which is the famous "Hawking radiation". Before that, people thought that black holes could only swallow but not spit.
From the singularity of BIGBANG to the radiation mechanism of black holes, Hawking has made outstanding contributions to the development of quantum cosmology. Hawking won the Wolf Prize in Physics from 65438 to 0988.
The king of bestsellers: a brief history of time
Hawking's popular science book A Brief History of Time-From BIGBANG to Black Hole has sold as many as 25 million copies worldwide, and has been on the bestseller list since the publication of 1988, setting a bestseller world record. In this book, Hawking tries to explain black holes, the origin and fate of the universe, black holes and time travel in a way that ordinary people can understand.
At the beginning of A Brief History of Time, Hawking pointed out: "I was told that every equation I wrote in the book would halve sales. So I decided not to write any equations. But at the end of the book, I wrote an equation, Einstein's famous equation E=mc2. I hope this will not scare away half of my potential readers. " Now it seems that Hawking is completely worried. Professor Hawking was born in Oxford, England on 1942. He is the most important contemporary general relativist and cosmologist. In 1970s, together with Penrose, he proved the famous singularity theorem, for which they jointly won the Wolff Prize in Physics of 1988. He also proved the area theorem of black holes, that is, the area of black holes does not decrease with the increase of time. This naturally makes people associate the area of a black hole with the entropy of thermodynamics. 1973, he considered the quantum effect near the black hole, and found that the black hole would emit radiation like a blackbody, and the temperature of the radiation was inversely proportional to the mass of the black hole, so that the black hole would gradually become smaller because of the radiation, but the temperature was getting higher and higher, and finally it ended in a last-minute explosion. The discovery of black hole radiation has its basic significance, which unifies gravity, quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics.
1974, his research turned to the theory of quantum gravity. Although people haven't got a successful theory, they have found some characteristics of it. For example, space-time is not flat on the Planck scale (10-33 cm), but in a bubble state. There is no pure state in quantum gravity, the law of causality is broken, and the unknowability rises from classical statistical physics and quantum statistical physics to the third level of quantum gravity.
After 1980, his interest turned to quantum cosmology.
Hawking believes that the contribution of his life lies in that, within the framework of classical physics, the inevitability of black holes and big bang singularities has been proved, and black holes are getting bigger and bigger; However, under the framework of quantum physics, he pointed out that black holes became smaller and smaller due to radiation, and the singularity of the Big Bang was not only smoothed out by quantum effects, but the whole universe also started from here.
Hawking's life is very legendary. In terms of scientific achievements, he is one of the most outstanding scientists in history. His contribution was made when he was confined to a wheelchair by Luger's disease for 20 years, which was really unprecedented. Because his contribution has a far-reaching impact on the concept of human beings, there are many descriptions in the media about how he struggled with total paralysis. Nevertheless, the scene when one of the translators first met him in 1979 is still vivid. It was my first time to attend the seminar on general relativity of Hawking Group in Cambridge. After the door was opened, a very weak electric sound suddenly sounded behind my head. Looking back, I saw a scrawny man reclining in an electric wheelchair and turning on the electric switch himself. The translator tries to be polite and not too surprised, but he is used to being surprised at the degree of disability of people who meet for the first time. He needs a lot of effort to raise his head. Before he lost his voice, he could only speak in a very weak deformed language, and he could only understand it after working and living with him for several months. He can't write, and reading must rely on a page-turning machine. When reading literary works, he must spread out every page on a big desk, and then he drives a wheelchair to read page by page like a silkworm eating mulberry leaves. People have to pay deep respect to the human soul who pursues the ultimate truth with such a strong will. Every day, he drives a wheelchair from his home at No.5 Cambridge West Road, crosses the beautiful Jianhe River and the ancient King's College, and arrives at the office of the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics in Silver Street. A slope was specially built in the department to facilitate him to take a wheelchair.
At Cambridge University, which is rich in academic tradition, he currently holds perhaps the highest professorship ever, namely Lucas Professor of Mathematics, who was once held by Newton and Dirac.
Professor Hawking was born in Oxford, England on 1942, which happened to be the 300th anniversary of Galileo's death. Professor Hawking graduated from Oxford University College with a first-class honorary degree in natural science. From 65438 to 0963, Professor Hawking was diagnosed as muscular dystrophy, that is, motor neuropathy, and only two fingers could move all over his body. 1965 received his doctorate in theoretical physics. On March 1974 and 1 Sunday, Professor Hawking published a paper in Nature, expounding his new discovery that black holes are radioactive. Within a few weeks, physicists all over the world were discussing his research work (Hawking radiation was called Hawking radiation). Hawking's new discovery is regarded as the most important progress in the field of theoretical physics for many years. This paper is called "one of the most profound papers in the history of physics". During the period of 1975- 1976, he won six awards, including the Eddington Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society of London, the 11th Medal of the Vatican Papal Science Society, the Hopkins Award, the Danny O 'Heinemann Award of the United States, the Maxwell Award of the Royal Society of England and the Hughes Medal. From 65438 to 0978, he won the Albert Einstein Prize, the most prestigious prize in physics. From 65438 to 0979, he was appointed as the famous Lucas Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University, and was appointed by Newton. 1988, Hawking's amazing work A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to the Black Hole was released. Based on the study of black holes, this paper explores the origin and destination of the universe and answers the questions that human beings have been exploring: Does time have a beginning and does space have a boundary? This is a landmark masterpiece in the history of human science. The book has been translated into more than 40 languages and published more than100000 copies. Professor Hawking's popular speeches are also very famous internationally, with footprints all over the world. He tried to communicate his thoughts with the world through his books and popular speeches. In early 2000, Hawking gave a speech at the White House as part of the Millennium Party. President Clinton cordially met with him and congratulated him. 200 1 10 Another masterpiece, The Universe in the Shell, was published. This book is a companion to A Brief History of Time. In this book, Hawking reveals the great breakthrough in theoretical physics since the publication of A Brief History of Time.
Interestingly, he played himself in the sci-fi series Star Trek Adventures, playing bridge with Einstein and Newton.
Stephen? Personal data of Professor Stephen Hawking
Professor Stephen Hawking is one of the great men with high reputation in the contemporary era, and is called the greatest scientist alive today, Einstein. He took an important step in unifying the two basic theories of physics in the 20th century-Einstein's theory of relativity and Planck's quantum theory. 1989 was awarded the honorary title of British Jazz. He is a student of the Royal Society and a foreign academician of the American Academy of Sciences.
Professor Hawking was born in Oxford, England on 1942, which happened to be the 300th anniversary of Galileo's death. Professor Hawking was diagnosed as muscular dystrophy, that is, motor neuropathy. 1965 received his doctorate in theoretical physics. 1 974 On March1day, Professor Hawking published a paper in Nature, expounding his new discovery that black holes are radioactive. Within a few weeks, physicists all over the world were discussing his research work (Hawking radiation was called Hawking radiation). Hawking's new discovery is regarded as the most important progress in the field of theoretical physics for many years. This paper is called "one of the most profound papers in the history of physics". During the period of 1975- 1976, he won six awards, including the Eddington Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society of London, the 11th Medal of the Vatican Papal Science Society, the Hopkins Award, the Danny O 'Heinemann Award of the United States, the Maxwell Award of the Royal Society of England and the Hughes Medal. 1978, he won the Albert Einstein Prize, the most prestigious prize in physics. From 65438 to 0979, he was appointed as the famous Lucas Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University, and was appointed by Newton. 1988, Hawking's amazing work A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to the Black Hole was released. Based on the study of black holes, this paper explores the origin and destination of the universe and answers the questions that human beings have been exploring: Does time have a beginning and does space have a boundary? This is a landmark masterpiece in the history of human science. The book has been translated into more than 40 languages and published more than100000 copies. Professor Hawking's popular speeches are also very famous internationally, with footprints all over the world. He tried to communicate his thoughts with the world through his books and popular speeches. In early 2000, Hawking gave a speech at the White House as part of the Millennium Party. President Clinton cordially met with him and congratulated him. 200 1 10 Another masterpiece, The Universe in the Shell, was published. This book is a companion to A Brief History of Time. In this book, Hawking reveals the great breakthrough in theoretical physics since the publication of A Brief History of Time.
Stephen william hawking was born in Oxford, England, on June 8th, 1942+65438 (the 300th anniversary of Galileo's death). His parents used to live in north London, but during World War II, Oxford was recognized? It's safer to give birth here. When he was eight years old, his family moved to St. Albans, a small town 20 miles north of London. At the age of eleven, Stephen went to St. Albans School, and then went to the "University College" in Oxford, which his father went to. Although his father wants him to study medicine, he wants to study mathematics. But the university college didn't offer mathematics major, so he chose to study physics. After studying in university college for three years, I was awarded a first-class honorary degree in natural science without much effort. Later Stephen went to Cambridge to do cosmological research. At that time, no one in Oxford was engaged in cosmology research. His mentor is Dennis Simma, although he had hoped that Fred Hoyle, Sir Fred would be his mentor. Fred Hoyle, Sir Fred works in Cambridge. After receiving his doctorate, he first worked as a research assistant at Seth College in gonville, and then as a professional researcher. 1973, Stephen left the school of astronomy and went to the department of applied mathematics and physical theory. Stephen has been a professor of mathematics at Looks since 1979. This position was made by 1663 with the will of Le Frand Henry Lux and the money left by Le Frand? The fund created it. Luke used to be a British MP in the university. Yitzhak Barrow was the first person to get the position of "Luke" professor of mathematics, and then Yitzhak Newton. Stephen Hawking has been engaged in the study of the basic laws of the universe. Together with roger penrose, he discovered that Einstein's general theory of relativity means that space and time start from the singularity of the Big Bang and then gather in a black hole. These results show that it is necessary to combine general relativity with quantum theory, which is another scientific development in the first half of the twentieth century. As a result of this combination, he found that black holes should not be completely black, they radiate outward and eventually evaporate and disappear. Another speculation is that the universe has no edge in the imaginary time and is infinite. This will mean that the formation of the universe is completely determined by scientific laws. His published works include: Large-scale Structure of Time and Space, General Theory of Relativity: Einstein's View of the Century, and 300 Years of Gravity, co-authored with G. F.R Ellis. Stephen Hawking has two bestsellers: His bestseller A Brief History of Time, and later Black Hole and baby universes. Professor Hawking has twelve honorary degrees. /kloc-0 was awarded CBE in 1982, and/kloc-0 was awarded honorary partner in 1989. He won many awards, bonuses and medals. He is a member of the Royal Society and the National Academy of Sciences. Stephen Hawking continued to combine his family life (he has three children and a grandson), his theoretical physics research with extensive travel and lectures.