Chapter One: China began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in the late Qing Dynasty.
1. China and the world situation on the eve of the Opium War.
China 1 China is in the late feudal society, which is full of crises (political corruption, land concentration, abandoned armaments and constant uprisings).
The natural economy is dominant, and the land is highly concentrated (increasingly corrupt in the late Qianlong period)
3 "behind closed doors", still dreaming of "going to China" and turning a blind eye.
World 1 Capitalism in Europe and America rose rapidly, and Britain completed its first industrial revolution and became the number one power.
In order to seize more sales markets and raw material producing areas, capitalist countries have stepped up their external expansion.
Sino-British trade before the Opium War: China was in the position of surpassing China, and Britain was in the position of surpassing China.
In order to reverse the trade deficit with China, Britain smuggled opium to China.
The harm of opium: (mainly) seriously endangering the rule of Qing dynasty; Silver outflow, fiscal deficit; It has seriously damaged people's physical and mental health, the combat effectiveness of the army has declined, politics has become more corrupt, and social order has been chaotic.
China's anti-smoking campaign: Daoguang sent Lin Zexu as an imperial envoy to Guangdong to ban opium. June 1839 The destruction of opium in Humen, Guangzhou was a great victory of the anti-smoking movement, which showed the strong determination of the Chinese nation to resist foreign aggression.
2. Britain launched the Opium War to invade China (time: 1840 ~ 1842).
Reason 1: The fundamental reason is to try to forcibly open the door of China market and turn China into its raw material and product sales place.
The direct reason is that the ban on smoking in China has harmed Britain's interests and fought to defend legitimate trade.
2 Process:1In June, 840, British ships invaded Guangdong, and the war began-Lin Zexu tried his best to prevent it, and the British army went north-Qishan went to Guangdong to compromise.
Sentenced to-184 1 year 1 month British troops occupied Hong Kong Island in Guangdong-Sanyuanli people resisted Britain, and in August threatened to attack Nanjing and surrender.
Results: The Qing government surrendered and signed treaty of nanking, the first unequal treaty in China's modern history (1August 842).
Content and influence (1) Hong Kong Island was allocated to Britain (land ceded, territorial rights lost).
(2) Compensation of 2 1 ten thousand silver dollars (compensation will increase the burden on the people and set a precedent for compensation).
(3) Open Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports (five ports trade, infringing on trade sovereignty).
(4) China must reach an agreement with Britain (agreed tariff and funeral tariff sovereignty) when British businessmen pay the tariff rate of import and export goods.
The following year, Britain forced the Qing government to sign the Sino-British Five-Port Trade Charter and the Humen Treaty as annexes to the treaty of nanking.
Britain gained: consular jurisdiction; Unilateral MFN treatment; Privilege to lease land, houses and permanent residences at trading ports.
Wang Xia Treaty between China and the United States: 1844 This treaty granted all privileges to the United States except compensation for land cession, and expanded the aggressive rights and interests of the United States. For example, American warships can freely inspect trade and have the right to open hospitals and churches in trade ports.
1In the winter of 844, the Huangpu Treaty between China and France gave France the same privileges as the United States, but it also expanded some rights and interests: French Catholicism preached freely at trading ports, built cemeteries, and asked the government to protect churches and cemeteries.
Influence of the Opium War: (1) The social nature of China changed from a feudal society to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
(2) Changes in social contradictions: it began to transform into foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation, feudalism and people.
The contradictions between people and between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation are the most important contradictions.
(3) the change of revolutionary task: from simply opposing domestic feudal rule to opposing foreign capitalist invasion.
On the dual tasks of China's feudal rule. China has since entered the period of the old democratic revolution.
(4) Historical stage: The Opium War was a turning point in the history of China and the beginning of the modern history of China.
(5) Germination of new ideas: After the Opium War, some intellectuals began to abandon old ideas and began to pay attention to them.
The world, seeking new knowledge and ways to defend the country from aggression, has sprouted a new trend of learning from the West.
It had a certain influence on feudal thought.
3. The Second Opium War (1856 ~ 1860) had the same purpose and nature as the First Opium War, so it was a continuation of opium.
1 The main purpose of the Anglo-French War was to further open the China market.
The earliest local puppet regime in China's modern history was in Guangzhou.
British and French forces robbed and burned the Yuanmingyuan.
Tianjin treaty content: minister goes to Beijing; Open more commercial ports; Ship (Yangtze River) navigation; Can travel, do business and preach in the mainland; Pay compensation
Content of Beijing Treaty: Tianjin Treaty is recognized as valid; Open Tianjin as a commercial port; Divide Kowloon into Britain; Allow China workers to go abroad; Pay compensation
Influence: The degree of semi-colonialism and semi-feudalism in China has deepened, which is manifested in the following aspects: politically, the Qing government began to surrender to foreign invaders, and Chinese and foreign reactionary forces openly colluded to suppress the resistance of the China people. Economically, the forces of foreign aggression are constantly expanding from the coast to the interior, so it is difficult for China's natural economy to resist the impact of capitalist economic aggression.
7 19 In the 1950s and 1980s, Russia invaded our territory1500,000 square kilometers, which was the country that invaded our territory the most in modern history.
4. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement (185 1 ~ 1864)
1 Reasons for the rise of the Tian Ping Kingdom Movement: ① The fundamental reason is decadent feudal rule and heavy feudal exploitation, which led to the intensification of class contradictions.
(2) Foreign capitalist aggression.
③ Serious natural disasters.
Hong Xiuquan combined western Christianity, China's Confucian thought of great harmony and peasant egalitarianism to establish worship of God, with the aim of overthrowing the Qing Dynasty.
3 The symbol of the beginning of Tian Pingtian Road Movement: 185 1 The name Tian Pingtian Road was established at the beginning of Jintian Village Uprising.
4 The Kingdom of Tian Ping initially established political power:185/kloc-0 established Yongan in the autumn of.
In the spring of 5 1853, Nanjing was occupied, renamed Tianjing, and was designated as the capital, thus formally establishing a political power against the Qing government.
6 The heyday of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
The purpose of the Northern Expedition, the Western Expedition and the Eastern Expedition (the purpose of the Northern Expedition: overthrowing the rule of the Qing Dynasty. The purpose of the Western Expedition is to consolidate the base camp of Tianjin Revolution. The purpose of the crusade was to cut off the financial resources of the Qing government and enrich its own economic strength.
② The symbol of entering the heyday of (military): the victory of the Western Expedition and the Eastern Expedition. Tianjun reached its heyday (1856).
The 7-day Beijing Rebellion-a sign that the Kingdom of Tian Ping turned from prosperity to decline-is also a landmark event that changed from strategic attack to strategic defense.
Master the cause, nature and influence of Tianjin accident.
Military command: Chen Yucheng and Li Xiucheng, with the Prime Minister in charge of Hong Ren.
8 Tian Ping Defence War in the Late Kingdom of Heaven (sanhe town Victory Destroyed Xiang Elite Troops)
5. The main content and evaluation of "Tianmu system in China"
The main content of 1: abolish feudal land ownership and distribute land equally according to age and population; Implement the sacred warehouse system and the absolute average product distribution system; Establish an ideal society that is "uneven everywhere and full of warmth".
2 Evaluation: It is the revolutionary program of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, which shows the strong desire of the peasant class to abolish feudal land ownership, and it is the ideological crystallization of China peasants' thousands of years of anti-feudal struggle. However, the plan of absolute average distribution of products violates the law of social development and cannot arouse farmers' enthusiasm for production, which is simply an unrealistic dream.
6. The failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement and its historical significance.
1 symbol of failure:1Tianjing fell in 864.
2. Subjective and objective reasons for failure: ① The subjective aspect is the limitation of the peasant class; ② The objective aspect is collusion and joint strangulation between Chinese and foreign reactionary forces.
Enlightenment: Due to the limitations of class and times, the peasant class can't lead the China revolution to victory.
4 Nature of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement: A great peasant movement against feudalism and aggression in China's modern history.
The historical achievements of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement: ① accelerated the decline of the Qing Dynasty and even the whole feudal system.
(2) Undertaking anti-aggression tasks and severely punishing reactionary forces at home and abroad.
③ It is superior to previous peasant uprisings ideologically and organizationally, and it is the highest peak of peasant war.
Later, he put forward the first plan to develop capitalism in China.
(5) The struggles with the people of Asian countries promote and influence each other and jointly resist the western colonialists.
6. New features of the times: ① Anti-feudalism and anti-aggression are carried out at the same time; (2) Later put forward the development of capitalism in China.
7. Germination of new ideas and "Senior Minister's New Chapter"
1 the core of new ideas: learn from the west and seek ways to defend the country from aggression.
Advocates (Lin Zexu, Wei Yuan): Lin Zexu was the first person in modern China to "see the world with his eyes open".
Wei Yuan's Atlas of Sea Countries is the most detailed monograph introducing western history and geography, and puts forward the idea of "learning from foreigners and mastering foreign skills".
3 "Senior Minister's New Chapter" Nature and Evaluation
Nature: a new plan for reforming internal affairs and building the country.
Evaluation: ① It has a distinctive capitalist color, and it is the earliest plan to develop capitalism in China put forward by advanced people in China.
② It reflects the urgent desire of advanced China people to seek truth from the West and explore the road of saving the country and the people.
(3) It was not the product of the peasants' revolutionary practice, and did not reflect the peasants' most urgent wishes at that time, so the "new chapter of senior minister" failed to be implemented.
Chapter II: The emergence and development of capitalism in China and the formation of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
1. Westernization and die-hards
1 representatives of the Westernization School: the central government thought it was the representative, and the local governments took Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo and Zhang Zhidong as the representatives.
The similarities between Westernization School and die-hards are: both are for maintaining the rule of Qing Dynasty; Main disagreement: Do you want to learn advanced western technology?
2. Westernization Movement (time: 65438+1960s-1990s)
1 purpose: to maintain the rule of the Qing dynasty by using advanced western technology)
Slogan: "Learn from foreigners and strengthen yourself"
Content: ① Establish modern military industry (Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute, Fuzhou Shipping Bureau, Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau and Tianjin Machinery Manufacturing Bureau).
(2) the establishment of modern civil industry (Li's steamship investment promotion bureau, Kaiping coal mine and Zhang Zhidong's Hanyang iron works, Hubei weaving layout)
(3) The establishment of modern navy (by the mid-1980s, three navies of Beiyang, Nanyang and Fujian were initially established, and a naval yamen was established).
(4) Establish new schools and send overseas students.
4. The reasons for establishing civil industry in the later period of Westernization Movement: solving the difficulties in capital, fuel and transportation of military industry.
The symbol of the bankruptcy of Westernization Movement: the fiasco of Sino-Japanese War in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895.
Reasons for the failure of Westernization Movement: ① The fundamental reason: it was limited to introducing advanced western technology and did not completely change the feudal system.
(2) Western powers do not want China to be rich and strong, nor will they master the truly advanced technology of China.
The die-hards hate all westernization and do everything possible to obstruct and destroy it.
(4) Westernization Movement lacks a sound and powerful leadership core, and its number is limited, making it difficult to achieve great cause.
3. Evaluation (function) of Westernization Movement: It promoted the modernization of China; The purpose of Westernization Movement is to become rich through self-improvement. Westernization Movement introduced western capital.
Some modern scientific production technologies in socialist countries have trained a number of scientific and technological personnel and skilled workers, and set up new schools and sent overseas students to promote them.
Modernization of education in China; Objectively, it stimulated the development of capitalism in China, and also played a role in resisting the expansion of foreign economic forces. it
It opened the first step for China to become rich and strong.
However, in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, beiyang fleet, which was painstakingly managed by the Westernization School, was completely annihilated, which proved that the Westernization Movement did not make China embark on the road of prosperity.
4. The emergence, initial development and further development of capitalism in China.
(1) The emergence of capitalism in China: (The time is165438 in the 9th century+60s and 70s, located in coastal areas such as Shanghai, Guangdong and Tianjin).
1 Conditions for the emergence of Chinese national capitalism: ① Before the Opium War, the feudal society in China had already bred the seeds of capitalism.
The invasion of foreign capital has disintegrated China's natural economy, expanded the commodity market and labor market, and provided objective conditions and possibilities for the rise of capitalism in China.
(3) Foreign businessmen and westernization enterprises stimulated the investment enthusiasm of bureaucrats, landlords and businessmen.
2 Early famous representatives of capitalist enterprises: Shanghai Changfa Machine Factory, Guangdong Jichanglong Silk Weaving Factory, Tianjin Yilaimou Machine Factory.
3 Characteristics of state capitalism: Revolutionary and compromising (two sides) Revolutionary means that capitalism has been exposed from the beginning.
Under the oppression of capitalism in China and domestic feudalism, if capitalism wants to develop, it must revolutionize and overthrow obstacles.
The forces that hinder their development; Compromise means that national capitalist enterprises have less capital and small scale.
The technical force is weak, and it depends on foreign capitalism and domestic feudalism.
The reason for these characteristics is that the capitalist enterprises in China came into being and developed in the semi-colonial and semi-feudal process in China.
(2) The initial development of capitalism in China: (the time is 65438+1990s).
1 Reasons for the initial development: ① The aggression of foreign capitalism objectively promoted the development of capitalism in China.
(2) The Qing government relaxed the restrictions on private factories (the Qing government was to expand tax sources and solve the financial crisis).
2 Impact: The development of capitalism has strengthened the strength of the bourgeoisie, and the bourgeoisie has begun to enter the historical stage. The big bourgeoisie headed by Kang Youwei launched the Reform Movement of 1898, and the middle and small bourgeoisie headed by Sun Yat-sen launched the Revolution of 1911.
(3) The further development of capitalism in China: (the period from 19 12 to 19 19 is also called short spring).
1 Reasons for further development: ① The Revolution of 1911 overthrew feudal autocratic rule and removed some obstacles for the development of capitalism.
(2) Western powers temporarily relaxed their economic aggression against China because they were (mainly) busy with World War I..
(3) It promoted the patriotic struggle of the people to send the emperor.
(4) Driven by patriotism and induced by profits, some capitalists are eager to invest in industry.
The representatives of industrialists in this period are: Zhang Jian, Zhou, Rong and Rong Desheng.
The fastest growing industries in this period are: textile industry and flour industry.
Characteristics of capitalist development: ① The development of national industries is mainly in light industry, and the foundation of heavy industry is extremely weak.
② Compared with foreign investment, national capital is very weak.
③ Compared with feudal economy, national capital still occupies an absolute advantage in feudal natural economy.
The influence of capitalist development in this period: the development of national capitalism promoted the growth of the proletariat in China.
5. The time of the emergence of the proletariat in China: 65438+1940s and 1950s Location: The main sources of foreign enterprises: bankrupt farmers and craftsmen.
6. Sino-Japanese War (1894—— 1895)
1 war background: ① it is the inevitable result of Japan's "mainland policy" centered on its invasion of China.
(2) The acquiescence and connivance of power. (3) The East Korean School Party Uprising provided an opportunity for Japan to wage war.
The compromise and incompetence of the Qing government fueled Japan's aggressive ambitions.
2. War broke out: the naval battle of Toyota, Korea. The war broke out in July 1894. The Japanese navy raided the China troop carrier off the coast of Toyota, Korea.
The course of the war: the first stage, the main battle: the battle of Pyongyang (the Hui general left and died in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, and the commander Ye Zhichao abandoned the city and fled).
(2) In the battle of the Yellow Sea (Deng Shichang's sacrifice), the main force of beiyang fleet still exists. The Japanese army gained the right to control the Yellow Sea.
The second stage, the main campaign ③ Liaodong Campaign (Lushun Massacre)
(4) the battle of Ahava, beiyang fleet was wiped out. The Sino-Japanese War ended in China's failure.
4 The signing of treaty of shimonoseki and its influence (refer to the textbook P 129 material topic)
(1) The content of treaty of shimonoseki: It reflects the aggressive demands of capitalist countries for capital export and world division: Article 4 of the Treaty.
(Japanese are allowed to set up factories at trading ports in China, and the products are transported and sold on the ground in China, and local taxes are paid).
(2) Impact: This is the most serious humiliating treaty since treaty of nanking; Territorial aspect: The cession of large areas of land such as Taiwan Province Province has further damaged.
The integrity of China's sovereignty inspired the great powers to carve up China. Indemnity: The huge indemnity has increased the burden and convenience of the people of China.
The great powers controlled the economic lifeline of China through loans; The opening of new trading ports has made imperialist aggression and snobbery go deep into Chinese mainland;
Economically, foreign capitalists set up factories in China, which seriously hindered the development of Chinese national capitalism. Since then, the foreign capitalist invasion of China has entered a new stage, and the degree of semi-colonization of China society has greatly deepened.
7. Triple interference: Grasp the three imperialist countries (Russia, Germany and France) that interfered in Liaoning and their reasons (Japan harmed the interests of these three countries in China).
8. Taiwan Province people's struggle against the cutting platform: military and civilian leaders of Taiwan Province Province (Liu Yongfu)
The significance of defending the war in Taiwan Province Province fully shows the strong will and high patriotism of the military and civilians in Taiwan Province Province to safeguard the territorial integrity of the motherland.
9. 1898 Reform Movement
1 Background of the Reform Movement: ① After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, imperialist countries set off a frenzy to carve up China, and the Chinese nation experienced a serious national crisis.
At the end of 19, national capitalism developed initially, and the bourgeoisie, as a new political force, began to step onto the historical stage.
2 Characteristics and representative works of Kang Youwei's reform thought: Kang Youwei combined the political theory of western capitalism with traditional Confucianism to promote reform.
Liang Qichao mainly published The Truth of Political Reform in General Discussion on Political Reform. Kang Youwei's representative works include "A Study of New Learning and Pseudo-Classics" and "A Study of Confucius' Reform".
Therefore, Kang Youwei's thought was called "the great hurricane in the ideological circle" and "the great volcano that spewed fire" at that time.
The book On the Bus, led by Kang Youwei, marks the development of the reform thought into a patriotic and national salvation political movement. Strong learning society: (nature and function)
Four-dimensional debate between the new school and the die-hards;
The contents of the debate: ① whether to reform; (2) whether to advocate civil rights and implement constitutional monarchy; ③ Should we advocate western learning and reform the education system?
Historical Position: This debate between reform and conservatism is a direct confrontation between capitalist thought and feudal thought. This makes some intellectuals
Began to get rid of the shackles of feudal thought and promoted the climax of the reform movement.
5. The policy agenda of the bourgeois reformists: Kang Youwei's "taking the overall situation as a whole with trust"
6. Protect the National Congress: master the initiator (health), purpose (protecting the country, species and education), nature (nature of bourgeois political party) and its role.
7 Beginning of the Reform Movement of 1898:1In June, 898, Emperor Guangxu promulgated the Imperial Decree of Deciding the Country and began the reform. 1898 The reform movement was also called the Hundred Days Reform.
The content and significance of the Reform Movement of 1898 (conducive to the development of capitalism and the spread of western learning; Intellectuals who are conducive to reform ideas participate in new governance)
9 The failure, historical significance and lessons of the Reform Movement of 1898
(1) political reform failed-1898 coup: On September 2 1, Empress Dowager Cixi announced that she would "listen to politics in the DPRK" and imprisoned Emperor Guangxu in Yingtai, Zhongnanhai.
Ordered the arrest of reformers. In the New Deal, everything except Shi Jing University Hall was abolished.
(2) The historical significance of the Reform Movement of 1898: ① The Reform Movement of 1898 was a bourgeois reform movement. Bourgeois reformists demand developing capital.
At that time, the humanistic policy was in line with the historical development trend of China and had progressive significance.
② The Reform Movement of 1898 was a political movement of patriotism and national salvation. It has aroused people's patriotism and national consciousness.
③ The Reform Movement of 1898 was the first ideological emancipation trend in modern China, which played an enlightening role in society. (3)
(3) Reasons for the failure of the reform and its lessons: The bourgeois reformists, lacking the courage to fight against imperialism and feudalism, can only hope by adopting improved methods.
Hope is completely pinned on the emperor who has no real power; Facing the attack of diehard forces, they pinned their hopes on Yuan Shikai and foreign invaders.
Divorced from the broad masses of the people. Therefore, the Reform Movement of 1898 was a flash in the pan and soon failed. Lesson:1the failure of the reform movement in 898,
The road of proletarian improvement is not feasible in semi-colonial and semi-feudal China.
10. the rise, development and failure of the boxer movement
1 The symbol of the rise of the Boxer Rebellion:1In the autumn of 898, Sanduo Zhao led the Boxer Rebellion to attack the local church in guanxian, Shandong.
2. Revolutionary and limitations of the slogan "Help the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries": The slogan "Help the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries" is patriotic and reflects the spears of imperialism and the Chinese nation at that time.
The shield is very sharp, and the boxer's goal is foreign aggression. But it also has great limitations. "Helping the youth" is good for winning officers, but easy for the Boxers.
Relax your vigilance against the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty. Although "destroying foreign countries" can widely mobilize the masses to participate in the anti-imperialist struggle, it has a universal xenophobic nature.