Qin Shihuang (259 BC-2 BC10), surnamed Yan, was the first emperor in the history of China to establish the great cause of reunification. Ying Zheng was 13 years old when he took office. At the age of 22, he officially presided over the state affairs, used many ministers and military commanders, and implemented the policy of enriching Qiang Bing, which created conditions for unifying China and dominating the world. From 230 BC to 2 10 BC, Qin Shihuang waged a brutal war for ten years, conquered six countries, and established the first unified feudal centralized state in China's history, thus ending the century-long separatist regime since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. After the reunification of Qin Shihuang, the imperial system was implemented and the enfeoffment system was abolished. The whole country is divided into 36 counties, below which. State affairs, appointment and dismissal, and army assembly are all decided by the emperor, and power is centralized. In China, three measures, namely unified writing, unified currency and unified measurement, were implemented, and the direct road leading to the whole country was ordered to be built, which played an important role in economic development and cultural exchange at that time. At that time, Wan Li had a population of about 20 million, and it took 2.2 million people to build the Great Wall and the Epang Palace to repair the mausoleum, accounting for one tenth of the total population. In order to consolidate the country, Qin Shihuang made five tours and almost traveled all over the country. /kloc-ascended the throne at the age of 0/3, took power at the age of 22, unified China at the age of 39, and died in a sand dune at the age of 50. He was brilliant and accomplished, and he did many great things in his life, which had a great influence in the history of China, which was rare among emperors in previous dynasties. He deserves to be called "an emperor through the ages". 222 years before the historical achievement, Qin Shihuang began to build a large-scale chidao with Xianyang as the center and extending in all directions, similar to modern expressways. Running in the same lane, the implementation of "cars in the same track", with a width of 50 steps. Chidao has several functions, one is to facilitate traffic and management of the old places of the six countries, the other is to facilitate the supply of the front line of the northern war, and the third is to facilitate the smooth inspection of the first emperor. Except for Qin Zhi Road and Qin Plank Road, most of them were built on the basis of Qin's hometown, the old roads in the Six Kingdoms and the roads built during Qin's conquest of the Six Kingdoms. The famous lanes include Shang Jun Road, Linjin Road, Dongfang Road, Wuguan Road, Qinplank Road, West Road and Qin Zhi Road. After Qin Shihuang destroyed the six countries, in order to facilitate the transportation of troops and materials needed for conquering Lingnan, he ordered Shilu to dig a canal to connect the Xiangjiang River in the Yangtze River system with the Lijiang River in the Pearl River system. This canal was finally completed from the 20th year of the Emperor (2 19 BC) to the 23rd year (2 15 BC). Lingqu is one of the oldest canals in the world. It has been the main waterway transportation route between Lingnan and the Central Plains for more than two thousand years. Therefore, the project is one of the national key cultural relics protection units. Sean sent an assassin to assassinate Qin Shihuang, a famous Korean family in Bolangsha, but failed. In order to seek the medicine of immortality, it is expensive to send the government to lead thousands of boys and girls across the East China Sea to seek immortality. ("Chu Tie" means that Xu Fu and boys and girls will never return after they reach their destination (that is, today's book), and Japanese minister Qin Shi is their descendant. However, referring to historical records and the annals of the Three Kingdoms, we can see that this statement did not appear before the Eastern Han Dynasty. As for Xu Fu's "On Emperor Jimmu", there is no literature to test except that it is inconsistent with the age. According to historical evaluation, he was the first emperor in China, the founder of emperor honorific title, and the founder of emperor system in China, which made China enter the era of multi-ethnic centralized monarchy. He also made China achieve political unification for the first time, forming a situation of "cars on the same track, books in the same language", which laid the foundation for the later dynasties to seek reunification. But since ancient times, Qin Shihuang has always been a controversial figure. 1. Evaluation: When Qin Shihuang was in power, he annexed six countries and sent troops to explore the south. History contains "a hundred miles of land bow down", "a thousand miles to the north" and "the king of Qin sweeps the Liuhe River". According to the map of the Warring States Period, the territory is almost twice that of the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period. Moreover, Qin Shihuang "set up a county" and paid attention to the rule and system construction of conquered land, unlike other contemporary conquerors such as Alexander of Macedonia or Rome, which only paid attention to conquest but not to system construction; Thus stabilized the unified land rule and laid the foundation for the present Chinese territory. Later generations thought that "his contribution was greater than Qin Huang's Hanwu". Qin Shihuang is ahead of Han Wudi in martial arts, which is unparalleled in history. Today, the English name for China, China, also evolved from the Roman word Chin, which shows the influence of the Qin Empire from one side. Since Shang Yang's political reform, Qin attached great importance to the rule of law. Qin Shihuang inherited this tradition and admired Han Fei, a legalist figure. He once lamented that "if you walk with him, you will have no hatred." Reward and punish generals according to law. Although Qin Shihuang was autocratic and thought that "we rule the world", he still ruled the country according to law in the Qin Dynasty. Chen Sheng and the uprising, the reason is that "Qin law is harsh", and its crime is capital crime, so it has to be reversed, but the law forces the people to rebel. Nor is it like the "Zhumen wine stinks and frozen bones" in later generations. Because of serious corruption, officials forced the people to rebel. Later Confucianism advocated the rule of man, but not by law. A word was decided by the monarch, but the wind of rule by man and flattery still exists today. Qin Shihuang initiated the post station system and built post roads. It laid a technical foundation for the decree access of the huge empire and the resulting county-based imperial power country. "Building a post road and establishing a county" is a necessary condition for China to adopt the advanced county system to replace the western enfeoffment system. At the same time, Rome can't effectively control the occupied areas, and there is only one powerful governor (the governor is in charge of the military and political power of a place, all of whom are nobles, and the grass-roots organizations rely on the original local organizations), which is still similar to the enfeoffment system, which is a very important reason for the later division of the Roman Empire. The county system is a civilian system, and its military and political leaders are appointed by the emperor. According to their political achievements, their military achievements can be raised or lowered and leveled, which leads to the emergence of professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers. Professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers can come from civilians, and county bureaucrats effectively protect the rights of civilians (Brazzaville) to participate in the discussion of state affairs (such as Reese and Meng Ao). It's all cloth, only according to the military). Compared with the feudal aristocratic politics, it is undoubtedly a great historical progress. This is the origin of the civil service system and the military system in modern countries. The Qin Empire established by Qin Shihuang laid the foundation that China's political system was more advanced than that of the West in recent 1700 years. China, the so-called "Han inherited the Qin system", "Since Qin, its system has not changed" and "Hundreds of generations still follow the Qin law and govern", basically followed the Qin system in the political system for two thousand years in the imperial power era. Li Bai's "Antique" poem: "Qin Wang sweeps Liuhe, he looks at him!" Sang Hongyang's exposition affirmed Qin Shihuang's achievement in unifying China. Zhang Taiyan of the Qing Dynasty also praised Qin Shihuang in his Qin Zhengji written in 19 13. Negative, because Qin Shihuang promoted the Legalist theory of "ruling the country according to law", and then all the rulers in China promoted Confucianism with benevolence and the golden mean as the core. Therefore, Qin Shihuang often appears as a negative example in various essays and historical records. Such as Jia Yi's On Qin and so on. "Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor" Qin Wang was greedy for money, self-motivated, did not believe in merit, did not kiss the gentry, abolished the royal power, established private rights, prohibited documents from cooling the law, and bullied power before righteousness, which began with tyranny. Jia Yi's "On Qin": One person is in trouble for seven temples, and his body is dead and his hands are dead. What is the joke of the whole world? Be merciless, and the offensive and defensive trends are different. Qin Shihuang was regarded as a tyrant by many historians and would do anything for power. The Great Wall of Wan Li, Qin Chi Road, Lingqu, Epang Palace and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor are all huge in scale, and the population of the whole country is under construction. Many documents denounced that many people were killed or injured in the construction process, but on the other hand, it further developed the transportation in various places and made contributions to the future transportation, economy and trade and the integration of various ethnic groups. Therefore, whether Qin Shihuang's achievements are great or too great has always been a point of debate in the history circle.