First, Eriksson's basic view on personality development is:
1, the development of personality lasts a lifetime, rather than ending in early adulthood. In middle age and old age, personality continues to develop.
2. Eriksson put forward eight stages of psychological and social development.
3. At every stage of psychological development, individuals will face a psychological and social problem that needs to be solved, which causes contradictions and crises in individual psychological development.
4. Personality development is determined by the environment, and the factors that affect personality development are themselves, social culture and so on.
5. If the individual can solve the contradictions and crises in each stage, it will have a positive impact on the individual's psychological development.
Second, the eight stages of personality development of psychologist Eriksson are as follows:
1, infancy (0- 1.5 years old), this period is from basic trust to basic distrust.
2. Early childhood (1.5-3 years old), this period is a sense of autonomy versus shame and doubt.
3, preschool (3-6 years old), this period is the initiative to feel guilty. At this time, children are active in everything. If children make mistakes in doing or exploring things and are criticized and accused by adults, then children will feel guilty.
4. School age (6- 12 years old), this period is a sense of diligence and inferiority. At this time, the child has entered the school and started to learn knowledge. With the ability to learn, they begin to experience their diligence, knowledge and success. During this period, if children find themselves unable to acquire knowledge and succeed, they will feel inferior to others, which may lead to lazy, selfish and enterprising bad psychology.
5. Adolescence (12- 18 years old) is the confusion of self-identity to roles. At this time, children are equivalent to junior high school and high school students. They are looking for themselves, establishing themselves and thinking about what kind of people they become, and their thoughts are a little contradictory. At this time, teachers should aim at the characteristics of students' personality formation and carry out targeted education in line with students' psychological characteristics and personality characteristics.
6. Early adulthood (18-24 years old) is a period of relative intimacy and loneliness. At this time, children begin to establish a sense of intimacy between the two sexes and assume social responsibilities and social obligations.
7. Mid-adulthood (25-65 years old) is a kind of consciousness of reproduction and stagnation. They show their creativity by caring for and cultivating the next generation. This creativity not only means having children, but also means making your career successful through creative labor. The task of development is to make oneself energetic, take good care of the next generation, prevent decadence and procrastination, and experience the reality of career and family protagonist.
8. Late adulthood (65 years old-the end of life) is a conflict between self-adjustment and despair. Looking back on their lives, many people feel very satisfied and happy, and some people will feel very desperate. Their careers are unsuccessful and their families are unhappy. At the same time, the attitude of the elderly towards death also directly affects the formation of trust in the next generation of children. So the eighth stage and the first stage are connected end to end, forming a cycle of life.
Erickson, a psychologist, believes that at the stage of everyone's psychological and social development, after solving the core problems, the personality traits produced include both positive and negative qualities. If all stages maintain the development of positive quality, even if the tasks at this stage are completed, a sound personality will be gradually realized. Otherwise, there will be psychological crisis, emotional disorder and unhealthy personality.
Third, self-identity.
1. Self-identity is an organization about self-image, which includes consistent experiences and concepts about self's motivation, ability, belief and personality.
Self - identity
2. Self-identity refers to an experience of who you are, where you are in society, and what kind of stable self-image and self-process you will have in the future. For example, junior high school students like to look in the mirror and look at themselves: what I look like, what image I have in others' eyes, what position I have, and what kind of person I will become in the future. The formation of self-identity is directly related to the sense of trust, autonomy, initiative and diligence established in the previous stages.
3. The formation of self-identity is closely related to career choice, gender role and outlook on life. The basic contents of self-identity include gender role identity, physiological gender identity, psychological gender identity and gender identity. The identification of social role defines the role a person plays in different social relations, the responsibility he can bear and the proper performance in his behavior. For example, a 50-year-old man is crying on the ground, which is not in line with his gender role.
Fourthly, Eriksson's personality theory is of great significance to educational practice:
1. Paying attention to the influence of social and cultural factors and interpersonal communication on personality development embodies the concept of lifelong development. More in line with the actual situation of personality development. Understand the stage of children's personality development, tell everyone why this happens, which psychological qualities are positive and which are negative, and most of them are formed at that age, giving people a basis for reflection.
2. Individual development is a process full of crisis, and there is often conflict between individual self-demand and social norms. Education should cultivate individuals' ability to cope with crises and improve their self-development. When students encounter setbacks and failures in their studies, teachers should help them deal with these problems, face them correctly, help students tide over this crisis and realize the development of their own personality.
3. It provides theoretical basis and educational content for education of different ages. Educational mistakes at any age will hinder a person's lifelong development. Therefore, the education of teachers is very important. Teachers should respect students, help them cultivate themselves, help them develop, create opportunities for their development and promote their development.
4. Teachers should create more opportunities for children to complete tasks independently, gain confidence in trying new things, develop self-satisfaction and don't humiliate students. For example, when assigning extracurricular tasks to students, teachers should appropriately assign more tasks that students can accomplish through hard work, such as washing clothes for their mothers, cooking at home, mopping the floor at home and so on. Let students gain self-confidence and self-satisfaction in the process of completing tasks.
5. Try to let children make their own decisions, choose freely, cultivate children's affirmation and self-identity, and establish a sense of self-identity. For example, when running for class committee cadres in the lower grades of primary schools, let children decide which position to run for according to their hobbies, tell why they want to run for this position, and cultivate children's sense of self-identity.
6. School education and family education are the driving force of students' development, and may also become the resistance of students' development. Therefore, teachers and parents should consider each child's different life experience and psychological satisfaction needs and give different education.
7. By setting up a large number of problem situations, teaching students in accordance with their aptitude in activities and communication, helping students solve problems at each stage, successfully tide over the crisis, and avoiding obstacles or delays in children's personality development.