17~ 18 century The development characteristics of German primary education are: the development of German schools, the strengthening of school management by secular regime, the introduction of compulsory education, and the improvement of teaching contents and methods. The main type of middle school is liberal arts middle school, which mainly trains administrators of German feudal vassal states and those who prepare for their academic careers, such as judges and doctors, so as to enter universities, and the task of training future priests has dropped to a secondary position. The teaching contents of liberal arts middle schools are mainly Latin and Greek. /kloc-in the second half of the 0/7th century, Haller College became the banner of educational innovation. In addition to teaching classical Chinese, German, French, mathematics and science courses have been added. The Higher Education Reform Center of Haller University triggered the New University Movement, which promoted the reform of German universities according to the models of Haller University and G? ttingen University. The results of the reform are as follows: modern philosophy and modern scientific spirit affect all teaching fields in universities; Freedom of research and teaching has become the basic right of universities recognized by the government; Academic reports have replaced the traditional teaching methods based on standard materials, and various forms of topic discussion have replaced the traditional debate methods; In addition to philosophy and theological seminaries in Catholic universities, Latin is still used, and lectures in universities are generally made in German. After the reform, German universities were full of vitality, which played an important role in German academic research and national life and became a model for universities all over the world at that time.
Volksschule was an eight-year education at that time, which provided the demand of the early industrialized world at that time. At the same time, the emergence of new humanism has affected the development direction of school education: reading, writing, arithmetic, morality, responsibility, military training and so on. Children from upper-class and wealthy classes usually attend private schools for four years and receive some pre-university courses; The general public can hardly get into middle school.
After the Napoleonic Wars, Prussia introduced the teacher qualification requiring national certification (18 10), which improved the teaching level of teachers. 18 12 years, Prussia began to set up the entrance examination for middle schools (invented in 1788); By 187 1, the whole German Empire had accepted this system.
187 1 year later, school education in Germany began to become more systematic and nationalized. More schools have been established to train well-educated young people. There were several different schools at that time:
Gymnasium, nine-year course (learning Latin, Greek or Hebrew, and a modern language)
Real gym, 9-year program (learning Latin, modern languages, science and mathematics)
Realschule, 6-year program (no university entrance qualification, but you can work directly in the workplace factory)
Oberrealschule, 9-year program (learning modern languages, as well as science and mathematics)
After World War II, the allied forces (the Soviet Union, France, Britain and the United States) established their own education system in the occupied areas. 1949 when west Germany gained partial independence, the new constitution gave the state governments educational autonomy, and the education system mainly took federalism as the core concept, emphasizing the cultural uniqueness of each state. Therefore, before 1955, each state was committed to assimilating different education systems around the country, so that each state had its own systematic education structure. But it has also created the most complex and diverse school system in history, and many students have to go to other different places to complete their studies.
Subsequently, people began to discuss and study the development and structure of the education system. 1973, the first "Bilsungsgesamtplan" came into being, mainly devoted to the reform and expansion of the education system. However, many goals of this plan have not been achieved, so Germany continues to carry out the pace of education reform until today.
The German Democratic Republic has its own education system (see: education in East Germany), and the education system of the whole Republic is basically standardized. This system was abolished in the early 1990' s, but it still has certain influence in the eastern German states.