General situation of nationalities

Bai nationality is a minority with a long history and culture in the southwest frontier of China. The population is 1858063. Mainly distributed in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province, Lijiang, Bijiang, Baoshan, Nanhua, Yuanjiang, Kunming, Anning and other places, as well as Bijie in Guizhou, Liangshan in Sichuan and Sangzhi County in Hunan. According to the statistics of the fifth national census in 2000, the population of Bai nationality is 1858063. Use white language, belonging to Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Burman language family. Most residents speak their own language, and Chinese is widely used. In the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, "burning Chinese characters" was used, that is, the so-called "white reading of Chinese characters". Good at managing agriculture and curing azaleas. Three teas are a traditional way for Bai people in Yunnan to drink tea when entertaining VIPs.

history

The ancestors of the Bai nationality were called "Dian Burning", "Lao", "Mao", "Bai Man", "Bai Man" and "Jia Min" in history. Naxi people call it "Nama" and Yi people call it "Lemo". The aborigines call themselves "burning children", "burning children", "Bai Ni" and "Bai Gang", which means burning people or whites. As early as the Neolithic Age, there were residents in Erhai Lake area who lived in semi-caves. During the Qin and Han dynasties, the relationship between Erhai area and the mainland became closer and closer. In BC 109, the Western Han Dynasty moved a large number of Han people here and spread their advanced production technology here. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was changed to Yongchang County. In the Tang Dynasty, Yaozhou Governor's Office was located here. Later, Nanzhao slavery regime was established with Yi and Bai nationalities as its predecessors. In 907, a "Dali Kingdom" with Bai Duan family as the main body was established, which was in a vassal relationship with the Song Dynasty. 1253, the Yuan Dynasty established a province in Yunnan and set up Dali Road and Heqing Road in Dali area. In the Ming Dynasty, it was changed to Dali House and Heqing House, and the policy of changing soil into water was implemented. The Qing dynasty continued to follow the policies of the Ming dynasty, but appointed some local officials and chiefs in remote mountainous areas.

socioeconomics

Before the founding of New China, the social and economic development in Bai areas was unbalanced. Generally speaking, the feudal landlord economy has an absolute advantage and the capitalist economy has developed. In some mountainous areas, especially in alpine regions, there are still remnants of feudal lords, slavery and even primitive communes. Agriculture is the main economic sector of Bai society. In the feudal landlord economic zone, landlords and rich peasants who account for less than 10% of the rural population occupy about 60% ~ 80% of the land, while farmers who account for more than 90.9/6 only have 20% ~ 40% of the land. More than 70% farmers have become poor farm workers. Land rent exploitation generally accounts for 50% to 60% of the harvest, as much as 70% to 80%; Usury and employee exploitation are also serious. Commercial capital is relatively developed, and there are some firms that import foreign yarn and export asbestos, yellow silk, bristles and tea. White commercial capital developed on the basis of landlord economy. Capitalists turned commercial capital into land capital and concentrated a large amount of land.

After the founding of New China, under the leadership of China, the Bai people have successively completed the reform and socialist transformation. In the central part of Dali where the Bai people mainly live, the reform was completed in 1953, and the socialist transformation was basically completed in 1956. In the Bai nationality areas, such as Huhu and Liuku, which are still ruled by feudal lords, the reform was completed through peaceful negotiations. In Bijiang, Fugong and other Bai areas with a large population and little class differentiation, the reform is not carried out as a movement, but by combining economic and cultural development with socialist transformation and gradually completing some reform tasks. 1956165438+10, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture was established.

Over the past 40 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party, Quanzhou's industrial and agricultural production has developed rapidly. Xiaguan, the capital of the autonomous prefecture, has developed from a consumer city before the founding of the People's Republic of China to an important industrial city in western Yunnan. Quanzhou has established electric power, machinery, auto repair, chemical industry, paper making, textile, leather, manufacturing and other industrial departments. 65,438+0,990, the total industrial and agricultural output value of Quanzhou reached 334,536,5438+0,000 yuan, of which 65,438+0,433, 690 yuan, 65,438+0,965,438+0.62 million yuan. Quanzhou's per capita gross industrial and agricultural output value11.4 yuan, the per capita net income of farmers is 576 yuan. Cars connect every town in the whole state. Great progress has also been made in education, medical care and health care. The Bai people already have a considerable number of professors, writers, doctors and various scientific researchers. Schistosomiasis, which was widely spread before the founding of the People's Republic of China, has been basically prevented. Now there is a prosperous scene in the Bai area, with the production getting better and the people's life getting better year by year.

Culture and art

In the long historical development process, the Bai people have created splendid culture and contributed to the civilization of the motherland. Traces of ditches were found in the Neolithic site in Canger. However, at the Haimenkou site in Jianchuan, it is found that residents have been engaged in raising livestock and agriculture. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, bronze culture appeared in Erhai area. During the Shu-Han period, Erhai area had developed into "paddy field animal husbandry". By the Tang Dynasty, Bai ancestors were able to build Cangshan "Gaohe" water conservancy project and irrigate tens of thousands of hectares. Building mountain terraces, Deng Chuan Luoshi River flood diversion project. Nanzhao has its own calendar. Zhou Silian, a Bai scholar in the Ming Dynasty, wrote Tai He Geng's Lost Catalogue and Li Xingwei's Strange Prescription Book, both of which are representative works summarizing ancient astronomy and medicine.

Bai nationality is unique in art, and its architecture, sculpture and painting art are famous all over the world. The three pagodas of Chongsheng Temple in Dali, built in the Tang Dynasty, are nearly 60 meters high, with a grade of 16. They are beautifully made, similar to the Little Wild Goose Pagoda in Xi 'an. Shi Baoshan Grottoes in Jianchuan have exquisite craftsmanship and lifelike figures. It has the commonness and strong national style of China grottoes statues, and occupies a high position in the history of China stone carving art. Jizushan temple complex, built in Yuan and Ming Dynasties, has overlapping arches and upturned corners. Carved layers of figures, flowers and birds on the doors and windows are unique and timeless. They are all made by the famous "Jianchuan Carpenter". Bai lacquerware has high artistic attainments. Most of the high-tech painters used in Yuan and Ming Dynasties were selected from Yunnan. The lacquerware of Dali spread to the Ming Dynasty and has always been regarded as a precious "Song strip". When Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China, the Picture Scroll of Nanzhao History stolen by imperialism was made by Bai painters Zhang Shun and Wang Yu 1989. It vividly depicts the myths and legends established by Nanzhao in the form of continuous short paintings, and is one of the precious cultural relics in China. 1 172, Zhang's Dali scroll was called "the treasure of the south". This painting is 10 foot long, 134 inch long. With the theme of King Jing of Protecting the Country, 628 characters with different faces were portrayed. Exquisite brushwork and exquisite craftsmanship are the treasures of ancient art in China.

In ancient Bai people, there was a combination of music and dance. Genesis, a long poem circulated among the people, tells the story of Pangu's creation and traces the equal life of the Bai people in primitive society without class oppression and exploitation. It is "the world is peaceful", "regardless of the rich and the poor" and "the people value fat". Poems such as On the Road, Peony in Daci Temple and Cave of Heaven by Yang Qikun, a Bai poet in Nanzhao, are called "master" masterpieces and included in the whole Tang poetry. Literary works such as Wang Fuyun, Snake Bone Pagoda, Killing State Officials and Hooking the Moon Head praised the heroes of the ancient Bai people in class struggle and production struggle. Nanzhao's famous lion dance was introduced to the Central Plains in the Tang Dynasty, and Nanzhao's sacred music was listed as one of the 14 pieces of music in the Tang Dynasty. Bai Diao is a widely circulated metrical poem "3715" (the first three sentences and seven words, the last five words). In the middle of15th century, some scholars used this folk song form to write famous poems, such as "Ci Ji Hua Shan Bei" written by Yang Nai. "Blowing and blowing" in white drama is a comprehensive art developed on the basis of the early "Big Ben".

According to the historical picture of Zhongxing in Nanzhao, there are historical books such as Zhang Guo Shi, Weishan Career, Tiezhu Temple and Xi Erhai. During the Dali period, there were also white history and national history, both of which have been lost, and only fragments of white history are scattered in inscriptions in the Ming Dynasty. The Bai history books of Yuan Dynasty, Gu Baitong and Feng Xuan's Reading Yun Zhi, have been lost, but they are all blueprints of Yunnan local chronicles in Ming Dynasty, such as Yunnan Zai Ji and Nanzhao unofficial history. According to historical records, the history of Erhai area was studied by Yang Shiyun, a Bai scholar in Ming Dynasty. This book was collected by another Bai scholar, Li Yuanyang, in Jiajing's Annals of Dali, and it is the final edition of Wanli's Examination of Yunnan Tongzhi Evolution. Wang Song, a Bai historian in Qing Dynasty, collected 6/kloc-0 kinds of books about Yunnan when compiling Daoguang's Annals of Yunnan, and compiled them into 2l volumes, which are important reference materials for studying Yunnan's national history and local history.

Social customs and habits

Bai people basically practice monogamy. The son separated immediately after marriage, and parents usually lived with their youngest son. Some of the landlords are big families with four generations living under one roof. People of the same family and surname don't marry, but they will marry their uncles and aunts as usual. Marriage is usually arranged by parents, so it should be appropriate. A childless woman can be adopted by her husband's wife, and a childless woman can also adopt her brother's children (adoption) or adopted children. Son-in-law and adopted son had to change their names and surnames in order to obtain the right to inherit property.

Before the Yuan Dynasty, the Bai people generally practiced cremation. After the Yuan Dynasty, due to the influence of the Han nationality, it was changed to burial. Funerals are usually grand.

Bai people in Pingba area are mainly rice and wheat, while corn and foster children are mainly in mountainous areas. Bai people like to eat sour, cold and spicy flavors. They are good at curing ham, bow fish, fried chicken brown, pork liver and other dishes. They also like to eat a unique "raw meat" or "raw skin", that is, roast pork half-cooked, cut into shredded pork, and served with ginger, garlic, vinegar and so on. Bai people also like to drink roasted tea.

Bai costumes vary from place to place. In Dali and other central areas, men wear white or blue baotou, white double-breasted clothes and black collars, white trousers and bags embroidered with beautiful patterns on their shoulders. Dali women usually wear white coats, black or purple velvet collars, blue wide pants, short waistcoats with embroidered ribbons, embroidered "knotted shoes", silver bracelets with enamel and silver rings on their arms, and silver earrings with three whiskers and five whiskers on the right. Married people tie their hair in a bun, while unmarried people hang it on their backs or braid it on their heads, all of which are wrapped in embroidery, printing or colored towels.

In the housing form of Bai people, the dam area is mostly "three long houses", with huts with kitchens, barns and yards, or tile houses with "one front and two ears", "three sides and one wall" and "four entrances and five patios", with bedrooms, kitchens and barns separated. Most of the mountainous areas are straw houses, "flash houses", bamboo baskets or "wooden cribs" with stables upstairs and downstairs, and cooking and sleeping places are often connected.

marriage customs

When a young Bai man proposes to a girl, the girl will give Baba to the man if she agrees. At the wedding, the bride will go to the kitchen to make "fish soup"; On the first Mid-Autumn Festival after marriage, the bride will make a big cake to show off her cooking skills. Tea should be served at the wedding, and then four or four seats should be set (that is, four dishes, four plates, four pots and four bowls).

Bai nationality is monogamous, and the wedding is grand and warm. According to the traditional custom, on the wedding day, the groom and the boys must get married on a big horse. After the bride marries back, she should pay New Year greetings to the elders at home, and then invite them to dinner. The bride and groom will accompany the guests for dinner. At this time, guests can ask questions to the newlyweds or let them perform programs. The wedding was shrouded in cheers and laughter. The most distinctive thing is to light Chili powder at the wedding. Many people sneeze and cough in laughter, which is very lively.

Backmarriage is a popular marriage custom in the Bai area of Eryuan County, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. At every intersection, fork in the road or crowded place, the guests who accompany him will stop and code the dowry into two piles, so that the groom can wrap the "8" around the dowry with the bride on his back.

Religious beliefs and important festivals

White worship is equivalent to the master of the village god and believes in Buddhism. The Lord has some natural gods, some princes in Nanzhao Dali and some heroes who kill people. In the late Tang Dynasty, Buddhism prevailed in Erhai Lake area. At first, "Brahman" and profound yoga were introduced. Profound monks call it "Gui Li", so it is also called "Yan Li". After the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, Zen Buddhism was introduced to Dali in the mainland, and Buddhist temples were spread all over the country, which made Erhai area have the title of "ancient and fragrant country" for a long time.

"March Street", also known as "Guanyin City", is a grand festival for the Bai people. The annual summer calendar is held from March 15 to 20 at the foot of Diancang Mountain in western Dali. At first, it was full of religious activities, and later it gradually turned into a grand material exchange meeting. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, businessmen from Sichuan, Tibet and Jiangnan provinces came here to do business. After the founding of New China, March Street has developed into an annual material exchange and national sports literature and art conference. Torch Festival is another grand festival, which is held on June 25th every summer. This is an activity that the Bai people wish for a bumper harvest and prosperity before the autumn harvest. That night, torches were erected in front of every household, and there was a public torch handle at the entrance of the village, with red and green paper flags inserted on it and some auspicious sentences written on it. The villagers held torches in the field for a week to kill pests. In addition, there are festivals such as "Around the Three Spirits" and "Playing in the Sea".

Dali has beautiful scenery and pleasant climate. In this beautiful and rich land, the hardworking and brave Bai people are famous for their long history.

Developed culture and colorful customs attract many tourists.

Bai folk houses have a unique style. Residential buildings often adopt the format of three rooms and one wall or four entrances and five patios. They are very

Attach importance to the decorative arts such as gatehouse architecture, wall-looking, door and window carving, gable painting, etc. The gatehouse is usually made of clay sculpture, wood carving, painting,

Stone carvings, marble tiles and blue bricks form a series of cornices, with exquisite cornices and overlapping arches, which are vigorous and stable, beautiful and generous, reflecting

This paper introduces the architectural talent and artistic creativity of Bai working people.

Bai people prefer white, the overall color of their houses is white, and the color of Bai traditional clothes is also white. Men usually wear a white double-breasted shirt and a black collar jacket. Women wear white coats with blue, red or black vests and embroidered aprons around their waists. Married women's headdresses are usually blue. The girl tied her braid with a red knot and then put a colored hand on her head. Lei Bai's tassel fluttered on the right side of her head, showing the charm of the girl.

Bai people in Dali love flowers very much, and almost every family grows medicinal materials. There are three families in the local area, an eye well and several pots of flowers. Most girls' names have flower characters, such as: golden flower, silver flower, Dehua flower, beautiful flower and spring flower.

Love:

There are many festivals, temple fairs and songs in the Bai area. From the Spring Festival to the eighteenth day of the first month, there are festivals almost every day, and dragon lanterns are put on every night. From the first month to the opening of the seedling gate, there will be a temple fair every month, and every village will meet the Lord (that is, the god worshipped in the village or the region) to celebrate Sunday, which is very lively. In addition, there are March Street, Butterfly Club, Three Wandering Gods, Torch Festival, Shi Baoshan Song Club, Chibi Lake Song Club and Haixi Song Club. These festivals, temple fairs and songs provide excellent opportunities for young men and women to communicate and fall in love. Bai girls and boys make full use of these opportunities to find partners, sing folk songs, or meet lovers, and express their feelings and love through sanxian and folk songs.

In these festivals, temple fairs and song concerts, Bai young men and women especially like to participate in song concerts. In the seventh month of the lunar calendar, tens of millions of young men and women will join the Shi Baoshan Song Festival in droves for 7-9 days. In the mountains, at the foot of the mountain, at the edge of the forest cliff, inside and outside the temple, I saw the girls and boys attending the concert. The girl put on holiday costumes and dressed up carefully, and the young man was full of energy, and everyone was carrying the leading sanxian. Listening to the sound of the three strings, the songs are bursting, one after another, day and night, and the scene is very spectacular. Girls and boys can get to know each other by singing, test each other by singing, ask each other about their personal and family situation by singing, and then fully express their love by singing. In this way, men and women who go back to ask questions and answer songs can sometimes last for hours or even ten hours or even days and nights. Through singing, the girl and the young man met and fell in love, and even gave each other a promise on the spot, and the alliance was fixed for life.

Marriage customs:

There are three forms of Bai marriage: one is to marry the daughter to the man's house, accounting for the majority; The second is to invite the uncle to come to the door. This situation is mainly because the woman's parents have no sons, and even if they do, they are stupid and sick, so they invited the uncle to come to the door. The uncle who comes to the door must change the woman's surname and then be renamed by the woman's elders; The third is the form of returning to the door, that is, seven days after marriage, the wife takes her husband with curtains and bedding and goes back to the woman's house to live. Because the woman's family has brothers, but they are too young and their parents are old, they have to "roll up the accounts" to support the elderly and take care of their siblings. After the younger brother grew up and got married, the man took his wife back to his home. These three forms of marriage have a long history and are still in use today. But no matter what kind of marriage, the date and process of marriage are basically the same. It's just that a woman marries a man, not a man marries a woman, and the roles of the two sides are reversed.

When a son gets married, he will usually separate from his parents and form a small family. Parents choose who to live with, and most choose to live with their youngest son. Therefore, monogamous family is a common form of family organization for Bai people.

According to the custom of Bai nationality, if her husband dies, the wife can observe the festival for life or remarry, but she must not take her ex-husband's property with her when remarried. In some areas, there is also the custom of changing rooms. After the death of my brother, my sister-in-law can marry my brother and be called my uncle's sister-in-law, but this phenomenon is rare now. But you must not take your ex-husband's property when you remarry.

Festivals:

March Street is a grand festival for the Bai people, which lasts from March 15 to the 20th of the lunar calendar every year. In addition, the Bai people, like the Han people, celebrate the Spring Festival every year from the first day to the tenth day of the first lunar month, and the fifteenth day of the seventh lunar month is the ancestor worship festival. Bai people have many etiquette taboos in festivals. Killing is prohibited during the annual March rally of the Bai people in Yuanjiang County or during the Tian Zi Temple Fair. Bai people in Dali are not allowed to use knives, carry water, splash water or sweep the floor on the first day of the Lunar New Year. When the Bai people in Nujiang worship their ancestors before dinner on New Year's Eve, outsiders are forbidden to be present. On New Year's Eve, you should get back what you lent to others, otherwise you won't find money and have enough to eat in the coming year. Therefore, things borrowed from other people's homes must be returned to others before the New Year's Eve. New Year's Day is Women's Day. Women don't cook, carry water or do any other work, but entertain themselves. Men's Day is the ninth day of the ninth lunar month, and men rest. Bai people in Yunlong county are not allowed to wander around in July and a half.

Historically, Bai people's worship of the Lord has been preserved as a custom, which is manifested in the fact that almost every village has a main temple, in which the main statue of clay sculpture or wood carving is enshrined. When entering the main temple of Bai nationality, you must be pious and solemn, and it is forbidden to make any noise or touch the statue of the Lord God. Bai people also worship various gods. Bai people in Nujiang Prefecture, if someone is sick, must use cows, pigs and so on as sacrifices. And carry out sacrificial activities. Activities are usually held under a big tree at the top of the mountain near the village, and everyone in the village participates. This big tree is considered sacred and it is forbidden to cut it down.

The Bai people in Lanping hold primitive sacrificial activities in September of the lunar calendar every year. Sacrificial ceremony was held under a big tree next to the village to offer sacrifices to cows, which was called "Ascension to Heaven" and this big tree was called "Immortal Tree". "Ascending to Heaven" and "Longevity Tree" are sacred and inviolable. It is forbidden to cut down and defecate under the tree.

Etiquette and taboos:

1, etiquette and taboos in daily life

Bai people's hospitality, courtesy before guests is the etiquette of Bai people. The guests came home and entertained each other with wine and tea. The famous three tea is the hospitality of the Bai people. Bai people generally only pour half a cup of tea, but they need a full cup of wine. They think that wine is full of respect and tea is full of deception. Being warmly received by the Bai people, we should say "thank you" and express our gratitude and gratitude.

Respecting the elderly is a traditional virtue of the Bai people. When you see the old man, you should take the initiative to say hello, say hello, give up your seat, and offer tea and cigarettes. The first cup of morning tea after getting up should be given to the elderly first. When eating, let the old man sit on the table and let the old man move chopsticks first. Don't swear in front of the old people and cross your legs. In some mountainous areas, Bai family members have relatively fixed seats. Generally, male elders sit on the upper left, female elders sit on the upper right, and guests and younger generations sit on the upper and lower sides. The fire of Bai people

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