[Keywords:] universal education; Work-study program; Self-study; The only path/way
Although countries around the world pay more and more attention to universal education, 1990 held the first world education for all conference in Thailand, and many important international educational organizations jointly hosted the Education for All Forum, the problem of universal education is still very serious. "Nearly/kloc-0.0 billion adults in the world can't read and write simple words about their daily lives" and "84 million school-age children have no chance to receive education". From April 26th to 28th this year, the World Education Forum was held in Dakar, Senegal. Not only did the 2000 goals set by world leaders and funding agencies in 1990 obviously not be achieved, but "no one imagined that the global goals set by education for all in 20 15 would be easily achieved."
Occasionally, I have the opportunity to read articles such as advocating work-study programs and developing extracurricular activities. China should have two education systems and two labor systems, work-study programs, work-study programs, agriculture and so on. I was moved by Comrade Liu Shaoqi's spirit of seeking truth from facts, caring for people's feelings and being far-sighted. Starting from reality and combining with his own personal experience, Comrade Liu Shaoqi repeatedly expounded the necessity and possibility for young people to participate in productive labor and autonomous learning in many aspects, and pointed out that "it is impossible to popularize education by implementing our current educational system" and concluded that "the increased educational funds should be used to run such work-study or work-study schools. From the current point of view, from the perspective of universal education, I think this method must be adopted. " He predicted from the height of scientific socialism theory, "I think this kind of work-study school will take 10 thousand years." Comrade Liu Shaoqi's thoughts on educational reform and development are very rich and profound, and his promotion of the theory and practice of work-study education is unprecedented. The history of world education development has proved and will continue to prove the far-reaching significance of Liu Shaoqi's educational thought.
The emergence of aristocratic schools and high-priced education in the market economy is in stark contrast to the lack of education funds in economically underdeveloped areas, which seriously threatens the legitimate rights of socially disadvantaged groups to receive education. The phenomenon of primary and secondary school students' loss due to family poverty in China has not been effectively curbed. Work-study schools meet the needs of social vulnerable groups for autonomous learning and conform to the law of unbalanced development of market economy, and should become an effective social security system for China citizens' right to education under the macro-control of the government. The author has long devoted himself to the research of educational reform and development. 1996, according to the national conditions, he formulated the reform plan of reform-oriented schools, and wrote "Reform-oriented schools are the hope of out-of-school teenagers in China", which was circulated by the State Education Commission to the Department of Basic Education. 1998 The summary of the expert group of the Central Institute of Education was published in Selected Papers on Education Reform and Development in China. 1999 The editorial department of People's Education plans to be selected as an excellent paper on national labor (labor) education. It is pointed out that reform-study schools should establish a new educational concept of "students as the main body and teachers as the guide", adhere to the principle of "combining work with study, and support learning through work", try out a production system of three-stage school year and alternate study, carry out mutual assistance and cooperation and "self-care, self-reliance and autonomy" education in collective activities, and cultivate the consciousness of democracy and legal system and the spirit of socialist ownership.
However, the proposal that "the school-building funds should be raised under the supervision of the Civil Affairs Bureau, and the Education Bureau should set up a compulsory education teachers' association (mainly retired teachers)" remains on paper. On the one hand, it is very difficult to ask several government departments to increase their workload and cooperate with each other, and it is not good to ask civil servants to raise funds. On the other hand, retired teachers are old and weak, so it is difficult for them to become volunteer teachers. Moreover, the work-study teaching requires higher integration with practice and knowledge renewal. There seems to be something wrong with giving priority to retired teachers. From this point of view, to create a work-study program hope project school, the start-up funds should of course be prepared by the people to set up a "work-study program hope project foundation", which will be raised by talents and people of insight from all walks of life at home and abroad, but it is completely feasible for individuals to raise funds to run schools and gradually develop themselves. In this way, the realization of the plan to help teenagers learn independently mainly lies in solving the problem of the source of teachers in the reform school.
Comrade Deng Xiaoping said in 1977: "Education still needs to walk on two legs. As far as higher education is concerned, colleges and universities are one leg, and all kinds of work-study programs and amateur universities are one leg and walk on two legs. " Over the past 20 years since China's reform and opening up, amateur higher education such as radio and television and correspondence education has developed rapidly. The national unified self-study exams have spread all over urban and rural areas, and the Internet at home and abroad has flourished. To solve the problem of the source of teachers in reform schools, we can't wait for the support of ordinary college graduates. We can make full use of the existing national self-study examination mechanism, contact colleges and universities to sign contracts for hiring consulting professors and renting experimental facilities through the form of centralized counseling for students' individual self-study, and organize high school graduates from poor families who urgently need self-study to complete various professional higher education and obtain qualified academic qualifications recognized by the state. Students who graduated in this way, because of their poor family background, have experienced hardships in life, have long-term practical experience in work-study program education, sympathize with off-campus teenagers, have theoretical knowledge and practical operation ability, and are the best builders of new work-study schools. I think this is the "normal school" designed by Comrade Liu Shaoqi in the article Work-study Program, Work-study Program, Agriculture. Only by "cultivating new teachers and principals" can we solve the problem of the source of teachers for the construction and development of work-study education. This kind of work-study normal school should give full play to the guiding role of teachers, cultivate students' independent activities and practical ability, have both the goal of self-study and the plan of production and operation, need to establish cooperative relations with all walks of life, must actively participate in social practice, participate in market competition, and dare to fight the storm. This new type of school teaching is closely related to social reality, has both educational and economic functions, and has the characteristics of social security to help teenagers learn independently, so it can be called "work-study program learning center".
Marx once imagined that children in the future would engage in physical labor for two hours a day from the age of nine and four hours a day from the age of thirteen. This can be said to be a part-time job in primary and secondary schools. In the case of abundant material living conditions, it is mainly to cultivate working habits and practical ability, so as to make children's physical and mental quality develop in an all-round way. In the primary stage of socialism, we have the dual goal of helping young people to work and study. If we want to learn independently and achieve all-round development indirectly, we must combine social benefits with economic benefits. Children's labor ability and production technology are very limited, and they have little contact with society and the market. Therefore, it is difficult to improve the economic benefits of reform schools in primary and secondary schools, and the rigid education system also violates the law of continuous production. The students in the above-mentioned "work-study center" have gradually matured and have the ability of social practice, regardless of their educational level, physical development and psychological quality. While completing higher education, they have accumulated rich experience in developing production. Only under their guidance can we help children in primary and secondary schools and achieve the goal of "work-study program". Therefore, the establishment and development of the "work-study center" should be a necessary preparation for us to create a new type of work-study school.
The dawn of 2 1 century is coming, and the rosy clouds of knowledge economy will shine all over the earth. The Chinese nation contains the richest intellectual resources of mankind, and ethnic education is a grand project to develop human intellectual resources; Work-study program is the only way to realize national education and a bright future for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. When this country implements the strategic decision of developing the western region, the author appeals to the party and government departments to give timely policy support and public opinion guidance, and looks forward to cooperating with people of insight from all walks of life to make due contributions to the birth and development of the work-study program Hope Project School!
Attachment: Measures for Establishing Autonomous Learning Center
I. Nature and purpose:
1. nature: the self-study center is an educational institution that raises funds from the society to help students from poor families realize self-study 2. Purpose: Self-study center follows the guiding ideology of "students as the main body and teachers as the guide", and makes teenagers develop morally, intellectually and physically in an all-round way and fully realize citizens' legitimate right to education through the way of "combining work with study".
Second, the academic system and enrollment;
1. Education starts from self-taught college graduation, and there is no limit on the number of years and the highest level. Climbing the peak of science and culture is encouraged.
2. Teenagers who have graduated from high school, have urgent self-study requirements, can bear hardships and stand hard work, and cooperate with each other can register with their ID cards or township governments.
3. After passing the exam, sign a "self-study" contract with the center, that is, establish a student status.
Three. Rights and obligations:
(1) The self-taught examination center uses social funds to purchase production equipment and materials. All production income is supervised by all teachers and students, and the correct use of the project is stipulated as follows:
1. Provide basic living expenses for teachers and students according to the living standards of local residents;
2. Provide and improve teaching materials, equipment and conditions for self-study and counseling;
3. Social fund-raising will repay the principal and interest in installments within 5 years;
4. Keep the depreciation expense of equipment and expand the production accumulation fund.
(2) Students in the self-taught examination center should actively participate in the learning and production activities organized by the center, carry out mutual cooperation, and cultivate the spirit of "self-care, self-reliance and autonomy":
1, consciously obey the arrangement of various activities and strictly abide by the discipline of collective organization;
2. Take the initiative to study, study hard, think independently, seek truth from facts, and complete the self-study exam subjects on schedule;
3. Take turns to participate in the labor within your power, implement the group assessment of production efficiency, and strive to be self-sufficient.
Fourth, graduation and development:
1. According to the voluntary and practical needs, graduates at all levels can stay in the center to engage in teaching and production counseling and enjoy the corresponding teacher treatment;
2. Write a feasibility analysis report, apply to the center for support to go to poor areas, old and young, and establish various types of work-study schools at all levels;
3. Graduates can freely choose employment and entrepreneurship according to law.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) description:
1. For matters not covered in this method, please refer to the fact that the work-study school is the hope of the out-of-school teenagers in China.
2 rules and regulations should be formulated, revised and improved in the practice of running a school.
On June 6, 2000, 10 was put forward in Hongze Lake.