In other words, you can see everything and touch everything, and then you will have your own feelings and experiences, and then you will have a feeling of wanting to write. Then you will start to learn and accumulate slowly, and finally you will become a third-rate writer.

The process is difficult, and persistence is the most important.

The combination of imagination and reality makes a writer. If you want to be a writer, start working hard, hehe.

As for writing skills and knowledge, there is nothing so good. If everyone can write well after reading technical articles, there are writers everywhere now. Writing articles and novels requires a heartfelt expression, a true feeling of human nature and sin. It must be remembered that it must be true and not deliberately arranged.

Writing skills

The novel has three main characteristics: first, characterization is the main means to reflect or express life; Second, there are more complete and vivid plots; Third, there are specific and typical environmental descriptions. Therefore, characters, plot and environment are called "three elements of novel".

special

First, fully prepare and lay a good foundation. Writing short stories is the same as writing novels and novels. You must be fully prepared before writing. First of all, before writing a novel, you must have certain ideological cultivation and life accumulation. Secondly, I have read many literary works, like literary creation, and have certain literary literacy and basic knowledge of literary theory. Mao Dun pointed out at the beginning of "Preparation for Creation": "The immortal works left by the giants in the history of world literature and their literary career experiences are the perfect answers to this topic-'Preparation for Creation'. Theorists have analyzed and interpreted the works of these literary masters and written many papers with hundreds of thousands of words just to make footnotes on this topic. " Third, before writing a novel, I have already engaged in the basic practice of expression techniques, and engaged in the writing practice of general prose, especially essays. "A beginner writing, it is best to do more basic exercises, don't rush to write novels, usually don't rush to write articles. The so-called basic exercises, the popular' sketch' as a whole, can be used. But I think the current' sketch' pays too much attention to the completeness of form, as if it were a work, not a rough sample of practice. As a beginner in writing, the basic practice of sketching may be only half a face, or a pair of hands and eyes. This should be a grass sample that learners hook up with when they suddenly gain something from observation, and it is an essential raw material for future fine products. Many grass samples are combined, blended and refined, and then written into a novel. " (On Mao Dun's Creation, p. 358) Therefore, if you want to learn to write novels, you must work hard from all aspects of thought, life and skills to lay a solid foundation. Of course, the understanding of this issue cannot be absolute. This is not to say that we should wait until the three levels of thought, life and skills have completely passed before creating. The experience of many young writers shows that beginners should be brave in creative practice and writing is the best basic training. Don't be afraid of failure, failure is the mother of success. Like other literary styles, there is no shortcut to novel creation, and the skills of novel can only be explored step by step by oneself from many practices. You can only learn from others' skills, and you still have to rely on yourself to create.

Second, understanding life, being familiar with character creation needs life, being unfamiliar with life and not knowing it, can't reflect and express life. Social life is the source of literature and art, and man is the sum of social relations. Only by being familiar with and understanding social life can we be familiar with and understand all kinds of people. If you are not familiar with and understand all kinds of characters, you can't write a novel centered on shaping characters. When talking about how he started his novel writing, Mao Dun said, "I really lived and experienced the most complicated life scene in China, and finally I got disillusioned. The contradiction of life, in depressed mood and lonely life, is still dominated by persistent life, and I want to use the embers of my vitality to send a glimmer of light to this confusing gray life in other ways, so I started writing. I don't want to write novels and then experience life. " He also said; "Nostalgia is the most important thing for us novelists. You have to listen and ask. " Therefore, a novelist should be like Tolstoy: "He is dissolved in the torrent of life and in the collective; He is a participant. "

The life required by novel writing does not refer to daily life, eat drink man woman and the like, but a "life" that can become novel material, and at least three conditions should be met:

1. Its image is vivid and vivid;

2. unique;

3. It has certain ideological connotation. Therefore, when observing life, the author should proceed from the above three points, regardless of characters, stories and environment, bravely discard those trivial and disturbing "running accounts", seize the really useful writing materials, infiltrate the author's thoughts and feelings, and gradually make the life materials his own. Third, strictly select materials and dig deeper 193 1 year, Sha Ting and Ai Wu wrote to Lu Xun to ask about the theme of short stories. Lu Xun wrote back: "As long as what he wrote can become a work of art, no matter what he described or what materials he used, it must be of great significance to the present and the future. Why? Because the author himself is a fighter. But the selection of materials should be strict and the excavation should be deep. We should not fill in a trivial and boring incident to enrich our creation. " Gorky also said: "In short stories, just like on machines, there should be no extra screws, especially extra parts." This tells us that writing short stories must be based on the theme of YEATION. So, how to choose the theme and explore the theme of short stories?

Select qualified personnel.

(1) Choose the new and discard the old, and choose materials according to the needs of the times. The theme of short stories is unlimited. All the fields and events that human beings set foot in can be chosen as the theme of the work. However, considering the aesthetic value and social significance, we must bring forth the old and bring forth the new, and try our best to choose the theme that our times and society need to write.

(two) to see the big, according to the characteristics of genre choice. The formal characteristics of this genre of short stories require the author not to write a longitudinal profile of life like a novel, but to write a transverse profile of life, just like sawing a tree horizontally and knowing its age by looking at its rings. Although short stories are written in a corner or a section of life, they can also glimpse the whole life. Writers like Lu Xun, Mao Dun and Ba Jin. In order to reflect their own times in short stories, they always choose a certain section of the hero's life path as the theme when writing short stories. Therefore, experienced novelists point out that when writing short stories, we must be good at "interception" and "selection". For example, Wang Meng said in "Talking about the Creation Skills of Short Stories" that it is very important for short stories to conceive "from the vast life events, select the part you want to start with. It may be a wonderful story, an impressive person, a beautiful picture, a little memory, a little emotion, a little deep impression in your heart, which is hard to say at the moment. This process is called from big to small, from surface to point. You must choose such a' small', otherwise, you have no ideas, no writing style, and you don't know what you are writing. "

(3) foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, and choose materials according to your own life. Generally speaking, the author should write his own familiar themes, because these themes are extracted from a large number of materials accumulated in his own life, which are easy to control and can be written vividly and profoundly. Most outstanding contemporary novelists begin to write novels by writing about people and events in their own life experiences. Selection of materials is the first important link in short story creation. The purpose of material selection is to select the theme that can be written into the novel from a large number of materials-fragments with typical significance in life. To achieve this goal, we must have the ability to "capture" the theme from various life phenomena. This ability to "capture" typical life segments is extremely important for novel creation. Mao Dun pointed out in the postscript of Selected Short Stories: "Horizontally, if you don't know anything about all aspects of social life; If you can't see the development direction of social life vertically, then you are unlikely to choose the most representative and profound thing as the theme of short stories among the complicated social phenomena. " Therefore, when choosing short stories, we should not only pay attention to the story and attraction of the event, but also pay attention to the side and fragments of life under the background of the whole era. We should grasp the "vertical" and "horizontal" aspects of society, be good at capturing extraordinary things from ordinary daily life phenomena, reflect the whole picture of the times and society from a corner of the times and society, and let readers see the surging sea from a wave in the ocean of life.

We should also attach great importance to the "excavation" of the theme of short stories-the extraction of the theme. "In almost all cases, the theme of the novel, or ideological content, always appears in the writer's mind first. He conceived the plot of the novel to express this theme and created characters around this theme. A good novel always has a good theme. " To measure the aesthetic value of a novel, it is important not to look at the theme itself, but to look at the author's ideological depth of the theme-the degree of theme refinement. The so-called excavation is to deeply explore the essential meaning of life materials; The deeper the author digs into the essential meaning of life materials, the deeper the theme, the greater the educational function of the works and the higher the aesthetic value. Therefore, a novel without a good theme is impossible to be elegant. Commenting on the new generation writers in the 1990s in The Birth of a New Literary Level, Li Shidong pointed out: "The literature in the 1980s was characterized by exploration and experiment in the field of expression. Accompanied by previous writers are long-standing topics such as conflict and confrontation, publicity and abandonment, experiment and inheritance, progress and lag, innovation and persistence, backwash and establishment. Today, we can still feel the collision and opposition from different ideological and cultural backgrounds in literary creation and literary criticism. " "In the new time and space of the 1990s, this generation of younger young writers was able to take to the literary world because they obviously alienated the topics that previous generations of writers once cared about, but kept pace with the new changes and progress of society ... They tried to link their personal feelings with the outlook on life and mental state of the times, seek a fit with the society of the 1990s and reflect the new progress of China society. It is the literary intention of this new generation of writers to integrate literature with a deconstructive attitude, return to a simple emotional attitude in an anti-pioneer way, and enter literary creation in a personalized way. " (China Overseas Chinese Publishing House, 1996, Preface of New Generation Novel Series) It should be pointed out that there is an essential difference between material analysis and scientific research in novel writing.

"The road of' creative process' that a literary writer should take is opposite to the road of social scientists' research process." "Social scientists think that the information they study is those complicated natural phenomena, and literary writers are living people who cause those phenomena. Social scientists compare and analyze those phenomena and draw conclusions; Literary writers, on the other hand, see a phenomenon clearly from those living people-from their mutual relationship-and' explain' it by artistic means. If a writer has a correct vision and in-depth vision, he will draw conclusions without drawing conclusions. " ("On Mao Dun's Creation", page 466) Therefore, the author's analysis combines his own observation and feelings about people and events, as well as his experience and understanding of life. This analysis is rational, but it melts into thinking in images.

The creative practice of many novelists tells us that the theme of some works is produced before the characters, while the theme of some works is determined after the characters. For example, when Mao Dun wrote "Spring Silkworm", he first had a theme, then dealt with the characters and built a story. (How do I write "Spring Silkworm") And Wang Meng said that many of his short stories had no theme before they were written. He said, "What is the predecessor of the Eye of the Night? It is the feeling of feeling first, feeling first and city night view first. I have my personal feelings here, but not all of them. "Eye of the Night" is about how people in rural and remote areas feel about big cities and our lives for a long time. ..... This feeling is a reflection of our life. This reflection has not yet reached a clear conclusion, but it is full of reflection. Wang Meng added: "The Eye of the Night has another theme, which is to write about the turning point of our lives. ..... The so-called' turning point' is full of difficulties and historical burdens, but new things have begun to appear, which is promising. There are both burdens and hopes in Eye of the Night. There are both scars and efforts to move forward across the scars; There are thoughts and feelings; There are both unclear places and quite clear places. I think Eye of the Night contains a lot of things. " ("Random Talk on Novel Creation")

In short, we must dig deep into the novel material and refine the theme assiduously. However, in conception and writing, theme and characterization are inseparable. It can be the theme first, the characters first, and the feelings first. And the theme can be one or several, that is, a multi-theme novel.

Novel character

One is to generalize, imagine and make fiction on the basis of a certain prototype in life, so as to shape typical characters. For example, the madman in Lu Xun's Diary of a Madman is based on one of his cousins. Lu Xun combined his daily experience in the dark society, transformed the content of the image of a madman, endowed the characters with profound social significance, and thus shaped the artistic image of a madman.

Secondly, on the basis of extensive concentration and generalization of many characters, typical characters are created. This is Lu Xun's method of "eclecticism and integration into one". When talking about characterization, Balzac pointed out: "In order to create a beautiful image, take a model's hand, another model's foot, a model's chest and a model's bone. The artist's mission is to inject life into the molded human body and turn the description into reality. If he just wants to copy a real woman, then his works will not arouse people's interest, and readers will simply throw this unadorned truth aside. "

Most of Lu Xun's characters are like this. He said: "There is probably some truth in what I have seen and heard, but I will never make full use of this fact, just take one end, transform it, or expand it until I can almost fully express my thoughts." The model of the character is the same. No one is committed to this. Often the mouth is in Zhejiang, the face is in Beijing and the clothes are in Shanxi. This is a patchwork role. "("How do I start a novel ")

There are many excellent short stories in which the characters can't point out the prototype of life. It can be said that it is more difficult to shape the typical characters in this kind of works than to shape a prototype character. However, a true novelist must master this method of portraying typical characters. The above two typical methods of creating characters can sometimes be used in a work at the same time, that is, one method can be used to create a certain character image and the other method can be used to create another character image.

Pay attention to describing the characters in the novel.

(1) The characters in the novel are different from the real characters. He is the author's fiction, and this fictional character comes from the novelist's mind, and he is a "fictional" character with the author's flesh and blood, soul, personality and temperament. The characters in the novel live in the country of the novel, which is a world where the narrator and the creator are one. Foster, an English novelist, pointed out in All Aspects of the Novel that the five main activities of the characters in the novel-birth, diet, sleep, love and death-all have different characteristics from the real characters. As long as he knows them thoroughly, as long as they are his creations, he has the right to write how he wants. This shows that the characters in the novel are different from the real characters in life, because they are created by the author through imagination and fiction. To learn novel writing, we must first understand this problem.

(2) The relationship between the novel characters and the author is both contradictory and unified. In On Novel Creation, Mo Bosang tells us that no matter what kind of characters the author writes, "what we show is ourselves after all" and that "we can only make the characters different by changing their age, gender, social status and our' self' living condition, which is formed by the insurmountable organ restrictions of nature." "This is a clever way to make readers unable to recognize the' self' under the mask we use to hide it."

At the same time, Mo Bosang also pointed out: "If we fully observe the characters, we will definitely determine their personalities quite accurately, so that we can predict their actions in different situations. If we can say,' A person with such a personality will do such a thing under such circumstances', however, we must never come to the conclusion that we can identify all the most secret activities in the character's own thoughts that do not belong to us, all the mysterious desires that are different from our instincts, and the ambiguous impulses that are determined by his organs, nerves, blood, skin and our special physique. " That is to say: the author creates characters according to his own artistic conception, but the characters remain relatively independent from the author; The author repeatedly conceived art, modified his own character, and asked the characters to live and stand up, typical and individual; Once a character's character is formed, once it comes alive and stands up, it will stubbornly think, speak, do, act and express its inner feelings according to its social status, living environment, ideological character and personal temperament. At this time, he often has disputes with the author, reminding him how to describe him. In this case, the author's pen has to follow the characters' own actions to write. Of course, this kind of situation will only appear after the artistic conception is serious and profound, and it is impossible to write real novel characters hastily.

(3) The personality characteristics of the characters in the novel need to be reflected through real details. In novel creation, detail description is of great significance to the personalization of characters. The truly typical details are action, language, psychological activities and so on. Writer Serina Liu realized from his creation: "The details in a work are the soul of a work of art just like the cells of a living person, and the height and depth of the work are determined by the details." "It is difficult for a detail to constitute a novel, but it is often the lead or foundation of a novel." ("The first difficulty to overcome")

When learning novel writing, we must try our best to find such details-seemingly inconspicuous but important details. Because it is a typical figure in a typical environment, it is completed by many appropriate and powerful typical details. Only by organically linking and organizing many typical details can we achieve the purpose of describing typical characters from typical environments.

In addition, some writers often analyze characters by writing biographies. This kind of biography helps the author to master the character, and it can also be used by beginners when writing novels.

I want to learn to write novels, so let's get a job first, because novels are not well written, with less clicks and less money. Find a stable job first, and then write novels in your spare time. When writing a novel, you must persevere and update it regularly to be attractive.

I want to learn sketch. I don't know how to start.

I want to learn to write novels. Who can teach me? Hee hee, this still needs to be seen and practiced more. Let me show you the basics first:

Because I just started writing novels, I always thought that writing novels was so much. As a result, I found that I couldn't write any more, so I began to study the creation of novels, read some books and listened to the opinions of some netizens. In this discussion, some ideas about writing books were discussed. Please forgive me if there are any shortcomings, and please discuss your writing experience together. In today's era of novels flooding, more and more novels gradually ignore the creative skills, and blindly pursue * * *, vent, make-up and other phenomena are increasing.

No matter how good the writing is, no matter how gorgeous the sentences are, no matter how exaggerated the plot is, it is only superficial, just like handsome guys and beautiful women. This kind of novel may be attractive at first, but then again, whether it can retain readers depends on the author's real ability. I think the article is inseparable from human nature. As far as I know, the most popular and popular cartoons today are often those works with average painting level but fascinating stories, especially those works that successfully shape human nature; For those who have reached the level of "master" in painting, many works have been neglected because the storyline can't meet the requirements of readers. For example, the successful cartoon "Gundam" mainly describes the essence of war-is it because of strong power that war is brought about, or is it because of the need for peace that power is needed to maintain peace? Whether war is right or wrong has always been a question that everyone is looking for. It describes the war incisively and vividly, and also sets off the multifaceted phenomenon of human nature with war. Therefore, Japan's "Gundam" series animation has always topped the list.

Now let's discuss novel writing skills:

The plot of this novel is very rhythmic. It's like a piano piece. Its melody is light, heavy, urgent and slow. When the sketch is gentle and docile, or * * *, it needs careful design to be completed. Music without melody will sound very comfortable and moving. But if the music is chaotic and discordant, it sounds particularly harsh and uncomfortable, and I don't know what I'm talking about. The melody has cadence, and so does the story structure.

First, the characterization of characters.

1, the elements of character performance are:

A, unique expression b, habitual action c, common dialogue d, thoughts y, thoughts and desires f, weaknesses and defects g, likes and dislikes of roles.

2, the use of these elements:

All the above elements can be used as creative tools. These tools must be good at using. You can list these settings columns and then mark the performance section. More important character parts should be repeatedly displayed to deepen readers' impression of the role.

Second, the use and foil of supporting roles.

There is a joke that handsome guys and beautiful women always like to be with people who are uglier or shorter than themselves, because they set off at that time. The same is true of story creation. You need this kind of foil, especially the supporting role. Constantly use supporting roles to set off the protagonist and try their best to shape the protagonist into an idol. So all the supporting roles are set to set off the protagonist.

1. Types of supporting roles:

Positive-guidance, appreciation and help.

Uncertainty-mysterious, competitive, clown type

Negative frame type

2, auxiliary type: often inseparable from the protagonist, difficult to share, and has the necessary role of sharing wealth.

Mentor type: an auxiliary role that gives the protagonist correct knowledge and concepts.

Love: The object that the protagonist likes is usually the heroine (male), which has a great influence on the protagonist's mood and is an important role that affects the whole plot change.

Mysterious type: it will have obvious positive or negative influence on the protagonist, and will never name names. Usually, he will be deified.

Competitive: Strength must not be the first advantage of the protagonist, but you will be excited or afraid of the hidden strength of the protagonist, which will not hinder the progress of the protagonist, but will promote the growth of the protagonist and become an opponent who can compete with himself.

Frame-up type: usually to get what the protagonist has, or because he is not pleasing to the eye, he often opposes the protagonist, which is also an indispensable role in the plot.

Clown type: a character who often pulls people by the back to do ridiculous things and make fun of them.

3, each character has his necessary functions, just like online games, you must constantly create balance in your plot, and then break the balance, so the interaction between characters is also correspondingly important. When the positive force is too strong, it shows that the sense of crisis is insufficient; When the negative force is too strong, it means that the status of the protagonist will collapse. Under such superposition, * * * is constantly produced.

Third, the play and setting of the bridge section

1, contrast bridge: in the positioning of the protagonist, arrange another bridge to make an enviable contrast with the setting of the protagonist. In this way, it is easy for readers to have a standard to measure, and it can also highlight the uniqueness of the protagonist.

For example, a desperate black sheep meets a poor but hopeful protagonist. The contrast between the two is great, which can better set off the protagonist and shape his image.

2. Overlapping bridge sections: arrange the layout of the bridge sections to a height in advance, and then stack the protagonist to this height. Naturally, the protagonist can reach the highest position with no effort.

Such as: a legendary swordsman, fencing is quite exquisite, no one is his opponent, some challenge him, three strokes will be beheaded. But strangely, he was defeated by an ordinary middle-aged tramp, and when everyone worshipped him, a boy of 18 years old appeared, and the tramp called him a master.

I want to learn photography. How should I start? It is not expensive to buy a textbook of the New York Institute of Photography. Very comprehensive and practical.

I want to learn to write novels! Want to learn from the teacher! You should read more novels and supplement some basic knowledge of Chinese. Those writers have never worshipped any masters, but they have all been polished by themselves.

I want to learn to write horror novels. There is a horrible way of rendering, and that is blood. I like writing in Gothic style, which gives people a gloomy feeling in the dark.

The following is what I saw on the Internet.

Beautiful and cruel murder, the man stroked her cheek with a dagger, aimed at her throat deeply, and the blade kissed her skin and passed through the arterial trachea. Thick blood gushed out and splashed everywhere, sheets, pillows and clothes. The woman stared blankly at the ceiling, and the man licked the excess blood from the wound with the tip of his tongue. The doctor who had a history of anatomy cut open the woman's white and smooth abdomen. The skin was open and the skin tissue was faintly visible. Blood oozed from the edge, dripping blood seeped into the gap of the floor tile, and the sound of minced meat was very loud. Seeing your dirty white bones, perfect, intestines, lungs, kidneys ... sparse, soft and terrible. I think you love me and your heart is still beating. (selected from QQ28607 13 16)

Cold invades the blood instinct and lets it out. Moonlight surrounds my blood-stained body.

Looking at the shadow under my feet, I danced violently on it.

Sometimes soft to the feet is that kind of bright red excitement. I jumped up and cheered "one ... two ..."

In the air, I shouted "three ... four" and my soul was released.

My feet are still bleeding.

Fused in milky white viscous liquid

I am excited again, because it is brighter than moonlight. This will be my rebirth baptism.

(selected from QQ325939077)

I cut off my head.

Play with you.

A big scar on the mouth of the bowl

Blood gradually turns black and coagulates (selected from 325939077)

For a good book, I want to learn to write novels, sandy.

-"Good morning, husband", a noble family.

The author described the story of a joking woman and a calm man with humorous writing techniques. The plot is touching, clear and smooth. The whole article is very attractive and is the darling of pet articles.

Peach cat

-Billions of sweethearts, rich families.

The author has rich writing experience, the development route of the protagonist is worth looking forward to, and the feeling of love is also very strong. The excessive development of the plot is very natural, reading is very smooth and comfortable, and the characters are profound.

Get drunk and sleep.

-A proud and noble family like a wife.

What was originally a pleasure has turned into a fire, and the theme is very novel. The author is also vivid in character setting.

The only butterfly

-"Ex-husband, please come in".

The gorgeous return of the female host, the rage of the male host, smooth writing and novel content all make people shine.

I want to learn C language. How should I start? When I was studying C, the teacher asked us to draw a flow chart. I haven't realized how important it is, but the teacher said that I would be a good helper if I encountered complicated problems in the future. I don't feel it, but you can try. You should choose a good book with more examples to make it easier for you to understand. Don't look for books with only written descriptions. You just look at the definition and don't understand what it is about. What is the foundation to lay a solid foundation? The basis is the syntax, operation order, FOR and while of the so-called variables. It's like building a house step by step The foundation is not solid, and you will suffer in the end. I was eager for success in junior high school before, and I couldn't understand what the teacher meant when he said that the foundation was not solid. Now I know that if you have a solid foundation, your grades will be among the best, so this is my suggestion.

I want to study psychology. How should I start? Recommend a book:

Behavioral Psychology (Academic Press, 2003). Recommended bibliography of Zhang Naiqi College: znq.zjgsu.edu./ewebeditor/uploadfile/200810309249872.xls.

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