The Four Books and Five Classics, collectively called the Four Books and Five Classics, are China Confucian classics. The four books refer to The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Daxue and The Doctrine of the Mean. The Five Classics refer to The Book of Songs, Shangshu, Book of Rites, Zhouyi and Chunqiu, which are referred to as "Poems, Books, Rites, Righteousness and Chunqiu" for short. In fact, there should have been six classics and one book long ago, which are collectively called "poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, music, Yi, Spring and Autumn". Four Books are Confucian classics. Zhu, a scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty, took out two books in The Book of Rites, Daxue and Zhong Yong, and combined them with The Analects of Confucius and Mencius into four books. It is said that they are called "Four Books" (also called "Four Books") because of the four representatives of early Confucianism, namely Zeng Shen, Zi Si, Confucius and Mencius. After that, the four books were listed as the scope of imperial examinations in previous dynasties, thus creating the unique position of the four books. Even after the Song Dynasty, the Four Books had surpassed the Five Classics. During the first year of Song Guangzong (1 190), Zhu, a famous Neo-Confucianism scholar, collected works such as The University, The Analects of Confucius, Mencius and The Doctrine of the Mean in Zhangzhou, Fujian, and published them as a set of classics. The Confucian scholar believes that "go to college first to determine its scale; Read the Analects of Confucius for the second time to determine its roots; Read Mencius for the second time to see its development; For the subtleties of the ancients, read The Mean. He once said that "Four Books" and "Steps of Six Classics" ("Zhuzi School") Zhu's Notes on Four Books and Sentence Reading are of epoch-making significance. The Han and Tang Dynasties were the Five Classics era, and the Song Dynasty was the Four Books era. University is one of The Book of Rites, but it was never published separately before the Southern Song Dynasty. It is said that it was written by Zeng Shen, a disciple of Confucius (505-434 BC). From the Tang Dynasty, Han Yu and Li Ao maintained orthodoxy and praised universities (and the golden mean) to the Northern Song Dynasty, Cheng Er praised and publicized them in various ways, and even called them "universities", which was Kong's suicide note. Later, in the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu inherited the thought of Cheng Er, and compared The Great Learning in The Book of Rites with The Analects of Confucius and Mencius. Zhu and Cheng Yi, another famous scholar in Song Dynasty, believed that Da Xue was a suicide note left by Confucius and his disciples, and an introductory reading of Confucianism. Therefore, Zhu listed it as the first of the "four books". The Doctrine of the Mean and The Doctrine of the Mean were originally part of The Book of Rites, which had never been published separately before the Southern Song Dynasty. It is generally believed that it was written by Confucius' grandson Zisi (483 BC-402 BC), and the history book Confucius' Family said that Zisi wrote the Doctrine of the Mean. From the Tang Dynasty when Han Yu and Li Ao praised the golden mean (and universities), to the Northern Song Dynasty when Cheng Er praised and publicized the golden mean in various ways, and even thought that the golden mean was "a way to teach the mind through Confucius", and then Zhu inherited Cheng Er's thought in the Southern Song Dynasty, so he took it out and compared it with The Analects of Confucius and Mencius. Judging from the basic viewpoints of The Doctrine of the Mean and Mencius, they are basically the same. However, the existing The Doctrine of the Mean was revised by Confucian scholars in Qin Dynasty, which was written roughly shortly after Qin unified the whole country. So every article is different from "University". It does not take the first two words of justice as the title, but the central content of the article as the title. The Analects of Confucius is a book that records the words and deeds of Confucius and his students. Confucius (55 1 years ago -479 years ago), whose name was Zhong Ni, was born in (present-day Qufu, Shandong) in the Spring and Autumn Period. The founder of Confucianism, the most famous thinker, politician and educator in ancient China, had a far-reaching influence on the development of China's ideology and culture. The Analects of Confucius was written in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and was recorded by Confucius' students and their retranslators. The Analects of Confucius is a book that records the words and deeds of Confucius and his students. The Analects of Confucius covers many aspects such as philosophy, politics, economy, education, literature and art, and is the most important classic of Confucianism. In terms of expression, The Analects of Confucius is a model for recording prose, with concise language and vivid images. In terms of arrangement, The Analects has no strict compiling style, each article is a chapter, and each chapter is a chapter. Articles and chapters are not closely related, but are roughly classified and repeated chapters appear. By the Han Dynasty, there were three editions of The Analects of Confucius (20), The Analects of Confucius (22) and The Analects of Classical Chinese (2 1). At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zheng Xuan compiled and annotated a new book based on The Analects of Lu with reference to The Analects of Qi and The Analects of Ancient Chinese. After Zheng Xuan's annotations were circulated, The Analects of Confucius and The Analects of China Ancient Literature gradually disappeared. The later editions of The Analects of Confucius mainly include: The Analects of Confucius by Wei in the Three Kingdoms Period, On Shu Shu by Liang Huang Kan in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, The Analects of Confucius by Zhu, The Analects of Confucius by Liu Baonan in the Qing Dynasty, etc. Mencius is a book that records the words and deeds of Mencius and his students. Mencius (about 372- 289 BC), whose real name was Yu Zi, was born in Zou (now southeast of Zou County, Shandong Province) in the middle of the Warring States Period, not far from Confucius' hometown Qufu. He is a famous thinker, politician, educator and the successor of Confucius' theory. Like Confucius, Mencius once led students to travel to Wei, Qi, Song, Lu, Teng, Xue and other countries, and once served as a guest minister. Because his political views were not as important as those of Confucius, he returned to his hometown to call his disciples to give lectures, and wrote a book with Zhang Wan and other students, saying, "Preface a poem book, understand Zhong Ni's meaning, and write seven pieces of Mencius." (Historical Records Biography of Mencius and Xun Qing) Zhao Qi compared Mencius with The Analects of Confucius in Mencius' copybook, and thought that Mencius was "imitating a saint". Therefore, although the History of Literature and Art of Han Dynasty only regards Mencius as a sub-book, in the eyes of Han people, it has actually been regarded as a "biography" book to assist the classics. Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty named The Analects of Confucius, The Book of Filial Piety, Mencius and Er Ya as "Biographers". At the end of the Five Dynasties, Meng Changjun, the master of the post-Shu Dynasty, ordered people to carve stones on eleven classics such as Mencius, which may be the beginning of Mencius' being included in the Classics. By the time of filial piety in the Southern Song Dynasty, four books compiled by Zhu were included in Mencius, which officially raised Mencius to a very high position. After the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, it became the content of the imperial examination and was a must-read for scholars. The Five Classics is the collective name of five ancient classic works based on Confucianism. It is said that they were edited or revised by Confucius, one of the founders of Confucianism. There are six Confucian classics, namely The Book of Songs, Shangshu, Yili, Jing Yue, Zhouyi and Chunqiu. Qin Shihuang "burned books to bury Confucianism". It is said that Yue Ji was lost after the Qin fire. On this basis, the Eastern Han Dynasty added The Analects of Confucius and The Book of Filial Piety, totaling seven classics. In the Tang Dynasty, twelve classics were added, including Zhou Li, Book of Rites, Biography of the Spring and Autumn Ram, Biography of the Spring and Autumn Valley and Erya. Mencius was supplemented in the Song Dynasty, and later the Notes to Thirteen Classics was handed down from generation to generation. Thirteen Classics is the basic work of Confucian culture. As far as traditional concepts are concerned, Yi, Shi, Shu, Li and Chunqiu are called classics, while Zuo Zhuan, Yang Gongzhuan and Gu Liangzhuan belong to Chunqiu Jingzhuan and Book of Rites. The last five classics refer to Zhouyi, Shangshu, Book of Songs, Book of Rites and Zuo Zhuan. The Book of Songs was called The Book of Songs in the pre-Qin period, or 300 Poems, which was the first collection of poems in China. Collected 305 poems (original poems 3 1 1) from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, which is a collection of poems from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period. "There are more than 3,000 poems written by the ancients, which are related to Confucius, but none of them are important ..." (Historical Records Confucius Family) is said to be compiled by Confucius. "Poetry" is divided into three parts: wind, elegance and ode, with "Wind" as a folk song, "Elegance" as the official elegant music of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and "Ode" as a dance music for the upper class to sacrifice to the ancestral temple. This book widely reflects all aspects of social life at that time, and is known as the encyclopedia of life in ancient society, which has a far-reaching impact on future generations. Friends who like poetry believe that they have all read it. Shangshu was called Shu in ancient times and Shangshu in Chinese. "Shang" means "Shang" and "ancient times". This book is the earliest compilation of historical documents in ancient China. Records can be traced back to the legendary Yao and Shun period to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (mid-Spring and Autumn Period), about 1500 years. The basic content is the records of ancient imperial edicts and conversations between monarch and minister, so the author should be a historian. Historical Records Confucius Family said that Confucius' "Biography of Preface Book was compiled from Tang Yu to Qin Miao", which is said to be compiled by Confucius. There are two versions of Shangshu, one is Jinwen Shangshu, and the other is Guwen Shangshu. At present, the popular version of Notes to Thirteen Classics is a co-editor of Jinwen Shangshu and Pseudo-Guwen Shangshu. Ancient people praised "reading poetry books", referring to the Book of Songs and the Book of History respectively. The Book of Rites is an anthology of Confucian scholars' articles from the Warring States to the Qin and Han Dynasties. The Book of Rites Only Interprets the Book of Rites (Zhuzi School Volume 87) is a compilation of Confucianism. Although the Book of Rites is only a book to explain the Book of Rites, its influence is beyond the Book of Rites and the Book of Rites because of its wide coverage. There are two versions of The Book of Rites, one is compiled by Dade, with 85 articles, and 40 articles have been preserved so far, which is called The Book of Great Gifts; The other book, the Book of Rites that we are seeing now, is 49 articles selected by Dai Deqi's nephew Dai Shengxuan, and it is called The Book of Rites for Little Dai. Yijing, also known as Yijing and Yijing, ranks first among Confucian classics. Zhouyi is a book of divination, its outer layer is mysterious and its inner philosophy is profound. The author should be an official, completed by many people. The content extensively records all aspects of the Western Zhou society, including historical value, ideological value and literary value. In the past, people's understanding mode of nature and the changing law between man and saint never went beyond the thinking framework of yin and yang gossip. According to legend, Long Matuo's River Map appeared in the Yellow River, and Fuxi, an ancient sage, began to gossip. Historical Records is also called "King Jia Wen's arrest", but he acted in Zhouyi (when Fuxi emphasized divination, some said Shennong) and made comments (or Duke Zhou); Later, in the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius wrote "Ten Wings", saying that "people are more sacred and the world is three ancient" ("Han Shu Literature and Art"). Zhouyi includes two parts: classics and biography. The text of Jing consists of sixty-four hexagrams and their corresponding names, hexagrams, hexagrams, hexagrams, hexagrams and hexagrams. There are seven kinds of biographies and ten articles, including instructions, images, classical Chinese, cohesion, divination, miscellaneous divination and imaginary divination. The ancients called the ten-part tradition "Ten Wings", which means that biographies are wings attached to the classics, which is used to explain the contents of the classics. Zuozhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period, also known as Zuoshi Chunqiu, Chunqiu Ancient Literature and Chunqiu Zuozhuan, is an ancient chronological historical work. Historical Records called the author Zuo Qiuming in the Spring and Autumn Period. Scholars in the Qing Dynasty think that it was adapted by Liu Xin, and some people think that it was compiled by people in the early Warring States period according to historical materials of various countries (and it is said that it was written by historical officials in Lu dynasties). Its sources include royal archives, Japanese books and the history of vassal states. The chronicle basically follows the order of the twelve princes in the Spring and Autumn Annals, including wars, alliances, conquests, weddings, funerals, usurpations, etc. , had an important influence on later history and literature. Zuo Zhuan is not a Confucian classic, but it has been regarded as a classic by Confucianism since the self-taught biography was attached to Chunqiu.