First, convince
Persuasion is the most common and basic psychological method in ideological education, which means that educators persuade the educated to accept some correct ideas, concepts and healthy emotions by putting facts and reasoning. Persuasion can be divided into individual persuasion and collective persuasion. Individual persuasion is a heart-to-heart conversation between educators and educatees, which is very effective in solving the specific ideological and cognitive problems of soldiers. Collective persuasion is a persuasion education for a group of people, such as reports and symposiums, which is effective in solving the common ideological and cognitive problems of the group. Usually, we should combine collective persuasion with individual persuasion.
The psychological factors that affect the effect of persuasion mainly come from three aspects: First, the content and skills of persuasion. If the content of persuasion is exactly what soldiers want to hear, and educators are good at using persuasion skills, soldiers are naturally willing to accept it. On the contrary, it is easy to produce rebellious psychology such as vigilance, rebellion and indifference. The second is the personality characteristics of the object of persuasion and the psychological state when accepting persuasion. For example, suspicious people always suspect that others have "ulterior motives" and regard persuasion as a "trap", which makes it easy to close themselves up; People with too high self-esteem are willful and can't tolerate being led by the nose. Third, the relationship between the persuader and the persuader and the environment of persuasion. If the persuader has great prestige and is closely related to the soldiers, then the locking and rejection of the soldiers will be greatly reduced. If persuaders and soldiers "talk heart to heart" instead of "sit tight", the psychological distance between them will be much smaller and persuasion will be easy to achieve results. Persuasion is also inseparable from listening. Listening can understand each other's psychological state, help to harmonize the relationship between the two sides, and also give each other an opportunity to vent and release psychological pressure.
There are many ways to persuade. Here are some.
(A) one-sided reasoning and two-sided reasoning
On the one hand, it is to talk about positive views and arguments, not negative ones. Double-sided reasoning means talking about advantages without avoiding disadvantages, and talking about favorable factors should also talk about unfavorable factors. The advantage of one-sided method is that it can make the viewpoint more full and avoid the negative influence of negative viewpoint, but if it is not handled well, it will make people doubt the motivation, ability and credibility of information of the persuader, and even lead to disgust. Double-sided reasoning makes people feel objective, comprehensive, fair, credible and easy to accept, but if it goes too far, it will confuse people, reduce the effectiveness of positive reasoning and even accept negative views. Generally speaking, it is better to reason with low education level, insufficient knowledge and experience, and the original attitude is consistent with that of the persuaded person, or to ask him to form or change his attitude immediately. On the contrary, it is advisable to use two sides to reason.
(b) "Climb the threshold" and "Down the steps"
When there is a big gap between the two sides, we can gradually put forward high requirements from low to high, which is called "stepping on the threshold." Or on the contrary, raise the requirements first and then lower them, making it difficult to refuse the low requirements. This is the so-called "lowering the steps". "Climbing the threshold" means step by step, while "descending the steps" means settling for second best. Although the practice is the opposite, the purpose is the same, and good results can be obtained if used well.
(C) Rational Guidance and emotional contagion
Rational guidance is to make the other party change their understanding and attitude by putting facts and reasoning. Rational guidance can make people think calmly, comprehensively and deeply, so it is easy to get lasting results. Emotional contagion moved people with emotional power in persuasion. Because emotions are situational and infectious, they can achieve immediate results. Generally speaking, rational guidance is more effective for people with high education level, rich social experience or relatively confident, while emotional contagion's method is used. In practical work, the two are often combined.
(D) Identity strategy and prestige effect
Identity strategy is to make full use of the similarities between the two sides in persuasion, narrow the psychological distance, and make the other side feel that the persuaded person is "one of their own" and willing to accept persuasion. In persuasion, we can explore their common ground from birthplace, cultural background, experience before serving as a soldier, hobbies, work expertise and so on. The prestige effect is to use one's influence in the other's mind to persuade. The higher the prestige of the persuader, the better the persuasion effect. Compared with identity strategy, reputation effect is faster because it doesn't need to beat around the bush to find common ground.
Second, tips
Hinting refers to exerting influence on people's psychology and behavior in an implicit and indirect way under the condition of non-confrontation. People are self-conscious, unwilling to be controlled or interfered by others, and have a sense of vigilance and resistance to others' conscious persuasion. Because hints are implicit and indirect, people can unconsciously accept opinions and take actions. But to convey profound and complicated truth, we must rely on systematic reasoning education. In addition, it is necessary to prevent soldiers from accepting hints easily and avoid credulity and blind obedience. The effect of suggestion is related to the psychological characteristics of the suggestor and the implied person and the intensity of suggestion. Generally speaking, the higher the status, prestige and identity of the adviser, the richer the knowledge and experience, the more it can arouse the trust of the advised person, and the better the effect of the advice; People with high independence, strong sense of autonomy, rich rationality and well-informed are not easy to accept hints; People who are dependent on obedience, weak sense of autonomy, less experience, tired, ill, unclear or in trouble are easy to accept hints. People with high education are generally easy to accept verbal cues, while people with low education are generally easy to accept nonverbal cues. The stronger the clue, the more suggestive it is. There are five main methods of suggestion.
(a) direct recommendations
It is a kind of hint, also known as hint, which directly provides the meaning of something to the other party so that the other party can accept it quickly and unconsciously, and generally adopts a straightforward explanation. For example, a company has suddenly started collecting "portraits of beautiful women" for some time. In this regard, the instructor first affirmed that everyone has a love of beauty, and then took out a "Photo Collection of Revolutionary Heroes and Heroes" for everyone to enjoy, and told everyone that heroes and model figures would inspire people to make continuous progress. Since then, all the beautiful women in soldiers' movies have become advanced figures, and the atmosphere of the company has been greatly improved. Here, "revolutionary heroes will inspire people to make continuous progress" is a direct hint.
(2) Indirect suggestion
The suggester does not reveal the motive, but indirectly provides the meaning of things to the suggester, thus affecting people's psychology and behavior. That is, people can read between the lines and between the lines. In this way, a military camp in the United States successfully transformed a group of uneducated soldiers who were infected with many bad habits. According to the soldiers' lack of culture, the instructors have adopted the way of learning to write home letters to educate them: the main content of the letters is to tell their families that they have formed new living habits here, and they are polite, disciplined, hygienic and tidy. After a period of time, they really developed many good habits as written in the letter.
(3) Behavior suggestion
Human behavior can also be used as a "symbol" of suggestion. For example, a gesture, an expression and a set of spatial distances may have different meanings, which may be happy or dissatisfied; This is encouraging and may stop. Good behavior will have positive implications, and bad behavior will also have negative effects. If the company director is enterprising and has high working standards, the training strength of soldiers will be sufficient; If you don't ask for merit but ask for nothing, the soldiers will muddle along without making progress.
self-suggestion
Which means hinting at yourself. Positive self-suggestion can strengthen the will, cheer up the spirit and be beneficial to health, such as encouraging yourself to "calm down, don't panic" and "I can do it" in the competition field, so as to relax your mood and enhance your confidence. Negative self-suggestion will have adverse consequences, which may lead to physical dysfunction or even collapse in serious cases, such as; "Cup bow and snake shadow", "grass and trees are soldiers".
(5) Countersuggestion
After the suggester sends out the information, it will cause the opposite reaction of the suggestee. Such as "there is no silver here, 320", "playing hard to get", "introducing from the east to the west" and challenging the law are all counter-suggestions. In daily life and work, when repeated persuasion fails, the use of counter-suggestion will soon be effective. Counter-suggestion is generally effective for people with strong self-esteem and extroverted personality, but ineffective for people with sensitive and suspicious personality.
Third, model demonstration.
The power of example is infinite. Example demonstration is to stimulate the motivation of soldiers to learn and imitate by setting examples and examples, thus producing three kinds of thoughts and behaviors similar to examples. The reason why an example has infinite power is that it can arouse people's imitation. Imitation is a natural tendency of human beings, and soldiers always imitate consciously or unconsciously in their lives. The long-term imperceptibly influence of thinking and behavior is unconscious imitation, such as "being near Zhu Zhechi, being near Mexico is black"; Consciously imitating certain thoughts and behaviors to meet needs and achieve certain goals is conscious imitation. Second, role models can stimulate people's enthusiasm. For role models, being set as an example means a kind of pressure, which will make them work harder to maintain their advanced nature. For others, role models are a challenge. In order to catch up, they strive to make progress with the role models they admire, so they are affirmed, succeeded and advanced. Lei Feng, a great communist fighter, has educated several generations, which fully illustrates the inspiring role of example.
(A) advanced typical demonstration
A good example is the flag, which is tangible, specific, distinctive and easy to resonate, so it is infectious. Ideological education should not only give full play to the exemplary role of Zhang Side, Dong Cunrui, Qiu, Lei Feng, Wang Jiejie, Suning and other pre-selected model figures, but also be good at discovering advanced figures around soldiers, so that people can have a direction, catch up with their goals and give people confidence. First, choose an example carefully and accurately, and handle the relationship between the advanced nature and generality of the example. The ideological realm and behavior standard of an example must represent the direction of efforts, but it is unattainable and unattainable. The second is to promote role models in a realistic way. You can't do it at will, and you can't "package" it at will to catch up with the trend and catch up with the situation, so as not to shake the trust of the educated and reduce the incentive effect. The third is to guide the educated to treat the role model correctly. Don't blame patterns, and don't imitate them mechanically.
(B) their own good words and deeds demonstration
It's better to put on a show than shout it out. In the process of education, educators influence the educated with all their words and deeds and all their personalities; And make it edified, infected and imitated. Therefore, educators should dare to shout "follow me" and set an example by themselves. This so-called "its body is right, but it does not make; His body is not right, although he is not obedient. "
(3) Negative demonstration
Showing negative characters and events in life is also a good psychological education method. Through negative education, this paper analyzes the cause and effect, and puts forward measures and methods to strengthen behavior guidance, so that people can learn from it, alarm bells will ring, cause psychological shock, and avoid repeating the mistakes of others.
Fourth, self-education
Self-education is simply to educate yourself. Self-education is a form of psychological education, which plays the main role of the educated and mobilizes their initiative in receiving education. It is also the basis and premise for other educational methods to be realized, and also the purpose of ideological education. Due to the rapid development and perfection of self-awareness, young soldiers have certain self-education ability, so they should be stimulated with self-education awareness and self-exercise ability.
self-assessment
Refers to the educated self-examination, to find out their own strengths and weaknesses. This can be achieved through self-reflection, social comparison and others' reactions to themselves. For example, many thinkers and educators in ancient China advocated "cautious independence", "three times a day to save my body" and "taking people as a mirror", which are all good methods of self-evaluation. Comrade Mao Zedong has a passage that vividly and incisively expounds the truth that people should always reflect on themselves: "The house should be cleaned frequently. If you don't clean it, it will be full of dust. Wash your face frequently. If they don't wash, their faces will be covered with dust. Our comrades' ideas and the work of our party will also be contaminated with dust, and we should always clean and wash them. "
(2) Self-criticism
"People are not sages, to err is human?" Dare to admit your shortcomings and mistakes, and dare to blame yourself. "Try to forgive others, but not yourself" is the creed of a Roman poet. In the words of Xie Juezai, a revolutionary of the older generation, we should always "litigate with ourselves", "be a defendant", "be a lawyer" and "be a judge". If you are afraid of your own shortcomings, tolerate your own shortcomings, don't want to set high standards for yourself, and can't make strict self-criticism, you can't make progress.
(3) Self-regulation
On the basis of self-evaluation and self-criticism, we should make some choices for ourselves and adjust the direction of self-development in order to foster strengths and avoid weaknesses or make up for deficiencies. To this end, to establish a good goal of self-cultivation, the difficulty of the goal should be moderate, too high, easy to be frustrated, but it will increase the sense of inferiority; Too low is of little value and meaningless to self-improvement. Not only that, but also decompose the goals, which has an obvious advantage: the realization of the phased goals will give people a sense of relief, inspire people, enhance self-confidence, strengthen the motivation of achievement, and avoid the boredom and frustration caused by long-term failure. Even if they fail to achieve it temporarily after hard work, they can help sum up experiences and lessons and help them struggle again.
self-discipline
The formation of excellent ideological quality can not be achieved by thinking and studying behind closed doors, but must be exercised in real life. We should practice it bit by bit according to the self-cultivation plan, "don't do it with evil small, don't do it with good small", so that the goal of the plan can really be integrated into our personality. Of course, in this process, we often encounter many difficulties, and we should try to overcome them, not bypass them. A philosopher once said: When a person is in trouble, never turn your back and try to escape. If we do this, we will only double the difficulties. On the contrary, if you don't back down, the difficulty will be halved. Educated people should stand the test and temper, can't stand the wind and rain, can't grow into trees, can't stand the temper of hard behavior, and all good plans are just castles in the air and a mirage.