2 1 Century Overview of Education Development in Major European and American Countries
Britain, England
1640- 1688
The bourgeois revolution established a capitalist country with constitutional monarchy in 1920.
There is a comparison between British education in this period.
Obviously charitable (primary education) and aristocratic (secondary and higher education)
, reflecting the typical dual-track system. In addition,
Education in Britain mainly follows the old system, such as laissez-faire policy, church infiltration into schools, charity education and so on.
Primary schools are still basically managed by the Anglican Church.
There are also some charitable schools and private schools.
They are related to secondary education.
It's disconnected
Noble children rarely have sex with primary schools,
They receive more family education,
Public basic education
Education is mostly donated by religious groups or individuals, and it is only set up for poor children, which has obvious charity.
In general,
basic
In order to meet the needs of society, education has been practiced in many aspects, and the overall trend is on the rise;
As the main body of secondary education, public schools and grammar schools,
Mainly for the rich who receive family education in the primary education stage.
As a preparatory education for further studies, Hu's children are connected with the fifth grade of primary school, and the education content is mainly "seven arts"
, although subject to
The impact of the ideological trend of science education,
However, classical education still occupies an important position.
In general,
Due to the persistence and conservatism of tradition,
With the power of justice, the development of modern secondary education in Britain was relatively slow.
Higher education is very popular.
17
reach
18
In the middle of this century,
Not too affected,
Still insist on advocating classical culture,
Noble temperament
It is obvious.
however
With the rise of the political status of the bourgeoisie,
Children of small and medium-sized assets also gradually have the opportunity to enter institutions of higher learning.
Gate.
Generally speaking, as the main body of secondary education, public schools and grammar schools, universities such as Oxford and Cambridge,
Duikechi
Straight in line with the nature of classicism and scholasticism.
France
France has always been a powerful feudal autocratic country on the European continent.
There is a lot of repression in the development of capitalism.
Seventeenth and eighteenth
French education in the 20th century was dominated by the Catholic Church, and it didn't change significantly until the middle and late 8th century/kloc-0.
The authoritarian government in France cares more about primary education,
However, because it does not run schools directly, Protestantism is weak, and primary schools
This school is still in the hands of Catholics.
At that time, primary education was still dominated by religious education.
Assisted by reading,
Write,
Arithmetic teaching,
Adopt the class teaching system, give development lectures, face the children of the lower class, free of tuition, and the rich hire tutors.
The Jesuits' Society and the Holy Music Society of Jesus Christ play a dominant role in secondary education, attach importance to classical Chinese and development, and advocate physics teaching.
Oppose the indiscriminate use of corporal punishment and rote memorization, pay attention to theoretical research and the collation of educational literature, Zhongshan International Mechanics, Geography,
Modern Times
Foreign languages and Latin.
France shared it in the18th century.
22
A university,
More than European countries,
But it's very conservative,
Expensive tuition,
Study time is too long.
Due to the mercantilist policy of France, some specialized technical schools have been established.
The French Revolution carried out educational reform,
Advocate the establishment of a national education system,
Everyone has the opportunity and right to receive education.
country
home
It should be protected and universal education should be implemented. To realize secularization and scientization in educational content and teachers' problems. Due to politics
The situation is turbulent and these policies are difficult to implement. However, after the bourgeois regime stabilized, the assessment of primary school teachers was not implemented.
A number of central schools have been established, and a large number of high-tech specialized schools and scientific machines have been founded, including the Paris Institute of Technology.
Structure, trained many senior scientific and technological talents, and laid the foundation of Napoleon's empire.
/kloc-in the 0/7th century, Germany was in a state of division, feudalism and thirty years' war. Its economy and education lag behind Britain, France and other countries.
Germany:
Influenced by Luther's thought,
Germany has successively promulgated the school-running law and the universal compulsory education law.
But in 17,
ten
In the eighth century, due to various reasons, it was not well implemented.
Pan-love education in Germany has a great influence. The school adopts the principle of conforming to nature and pays attention to official positions in teaching.
Learning content is extensive,
many
The subject has reached the primary level or above.
17 and 18 centuries, practical teaching rose in Germany.
Liberal arts middle schools have developed,
Due to the development of industry and commerce,
Practical education
On Sunday, a wide range of courses are offered.
Including ordinary schools, handicraft classes,
Keywords teacher training class, military, public welfare,
Architecture, machinery, etc.
Learn Latin and Greek.
The strengthening of German national influence,
The atmosphere of practical education has increased,
The rudiment of modern universities has appeared.
The new university actively absorbs the latest knowledge.
Achievements in philosophy and scientific research,
Exclude religious dogma,
Dare to choose and advocate rationality,
Thinking and adventure learning
Teaching laid the foundation for advanced disciplines and teaching in universities, and advocated "freedom of teaching" and "freedom of learning"
United States:
Since the seventeenth century,
European immigrants flooded into North America,
Thirteen colonial jurisdictions were established along the Atlantic coast,
organization
Education has developed.
/kloc-in the 0 th and 7 th centuries, Massachusetts promulgated the Compulsory Education Law, in which parents and teachers educated their children and apprentices.
Require the residents of the whole township to jointly fund the establishment of primary and secondary schools,
Township schools appeared.
The colonists in the south opposed each other.
Not enthusiastic about running public education, leading1at the end of the 7th century, William was established.
Mary College "
. In short, North America in the seventeenth century
The education in the colonies was dominated by the European education model.
Religion is the main starting point and destination of education.
But so is education.
Closely related to the living conditions in the colonies, schools are characterized by a small number and low level.
/kloc-after the middle of the 0/7th century, industry and commerce developed rapidly.
Middle class week,
Private teaching is also very popular, Frank.
Lin founded a liberal arts middle school in Philadelphia.
Secondary education hopes to be closer to real life,
Offering classical liberal arts courses and practical application
Part. In the eighteenth century, the number of colonial universities in North America increased rapidly, and courses such as measurement, navigation, business and physics were added.
/kloc-in the 0/8th century, the education in South China still followed the gentleman education model, and the education method of "itinerant teaching" appeared.
This has produced the "regional system"
. This has strengthened the localism of education, resulting in an increase in the gap between local education levels and hindered it.
The further development of education.
2.
Different characteristics of education development in different countries
Characteristics of British education development
：
17
、
18
2 1 century British education developed very slowly, and the main resistance came from education.
Habit makes it; The teaching conditions in primary schools are very poor, and the teaching content is extremely simple, emphasizing religion and reading while ignoring calculation. Teachers can't.
This is a specialized profession,
Very low status.
The education target of the school is mainly poor children.
The rich hire tutors to teach their children.
Enlightenment education and preparatory education in middle schools.
Characteristics of French education development
：
17
、
18
2 1 century French education was mainly dominated by the church; A powerful French autocratic government
Pay attention to primary education,
reach
17
In the century, eight related laws were promulgated;
At that time, primary schools were mainly religious education.
Supplemented by the teaching of reading, writing and calculation; Adopt class teaching system and teach in French; Children facing the lower classes are free of tuition.
Characteristics of German Education Development
：
German education in this period was generally based on Prussian education.
17
、
18
Century Germany
The main type of middle school is liberal arts middle school;
Due to the development of industry and commerce,
City life is getting richer and richer,
Practical education is developing vigorously.
Upward; from
16
Since the middle of this century, laws and regulations on running schools and popularizing compulsory education have been promulgated one after another;
18
Appeared at the end of the century
A new "pan-love school"
Characteristics of American education development
：
17
In the 20th century, the education in the North American colonies was mainly transplanted from Europe, and religion was religion.
The main starting point and destination of education.
But education is closely related to the living conditions in the colonies.
Small quantity,
level
Low is an obvious feature of the school.
18
District system appeared at the beginning of the century, adapted to the reality at that time, and then each
States have established district system. However, district system has also strengthened the regionality of education, which has led to an increase in the educational level gap between different regions.
three
Common characteristics of educational development in various countries.
get through
17~ 18
Century English,
Method,
De,
Education in major countries in Europe and America, such as the United States, presents its own characteristics.
Ethnic religion
① China's educational thoughts and systems reflect the state's concern for education and the secularization trend of education;
(3) The democratic consciousness and practical concept in education in various countries have been strengthened.
4.
Development trend.
(1) Institutionalization.
Countries have successively promulgated various laws,
Laws and regulations regulate the development and implementation of education at all levels,
Thereby forming
A relatively fixed system.
After the institutionalization of education,
Education is more unified and standardized,
Conducive to the improvement of education quality and continuing education.
Development.
② Democratization.
With the increasing demand for education in production activities,
The number of educated people is also increasing.
Education is no longer less.
The privilege of a few people, but its constant popularization, reflects the democratization of education.
③ Practicality.
The relationship between education and actual production and life is getting closer and closer.
The teaching of knowledge is mostly to meet practical needs.
Want, not just for knowledge. Therefore, the practicality of education is increasing.