Origin:
The ancient imperial examination system in China originated from the Sui Dynasty. After the Sui Dynasty unified the whole country, in order to adapt to the development and changes of feudal economic and political relations, expand the requirements of the feudal ruling class to participate in political power, strengthen centralization, restore the power of selecting officials to the central government, and replace the nine-grade system with the imperial examination system. In the third year of Yang Di's great cause (607), the Jinshi Department was set up, and Jinshi was selected through examinations.
The word "Jinshi" first appeared in the Book of Rites, which was originally intended to be accepted by nobles. At that time, the main test of current affairs strategy was a political paper about the political life of the country at that time, which was called test strategy. Although it was a pioneering period, there was no system, but this method of selecting candidates by subjects and trying to choose by strategy closely combined reading, taking exams and being an official, which opened a new page in the election history of China. Shen Jiji, the minister of rites in Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, made a pertinent evaluation of this historic change: "All the choices made in the previous generation were in prefectures and counties ... As for Qi and Sui, they were invincible ... and they were attributed to the official department because they had the right to buy state capitals. Since then, we have selected from outside, recruited people from all over the world, gathered in the capital in the spring and autumn, and gathered clouds. "
End:
The imperial examination system in the Qing Dynasty was basically the same as that in the Ming Dynasty, but the policy of ethnic discrimination was implemented. Manchu people enjoy all kinds of privileges, and it is not necessary to pass the imperial examination to be an official. Before Yongzheng, the imperial examinations in Qing Dynasty were divided into two lists: Manchu and Chinese. The standard-bearer enjoys a special advantage in the provincial examination and the general examination, and only one translator is tested, which is called the translation department. In the future, although Manchu and Chinese took the exam together, Han people still took the most exams.
The imperial examination system developed to the Qing dynasty, and it declined day by day, with more and more disadvantages. Although the Qing rulers severely punished cheating in the imperial examination, cheating became more and more serious due to the shortcomings of the imperial examination system itself, and the imperial examination system eventually died out.
List of titles and titles in imperial examinations
Filial piety was originally one of the subjects of selecting officials in the Han Dynasty, and it was the main way of scholar-officials. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, juren was commonly known as filial piety.
A scholar in the Han Dynasty, a leader and pupil, was in charge of state and county inspection through inspection and recruitment of officials. Priests, counties and counties are called masters, and sages who have been promoted and exiled become the disciples of masters and princes. After the imperial examination, the examiner also called himself a protege. After Song Taizu, Jinshi passed the imperial examination and was admitted. Since then, Jinshi has become a "disciple of the emperor"; At the same time, it is also expressly stipulated that juren shall not be a student who calls himself an examiner in the future.
The system of recommending talents to the imperial court in ancient Gong Shi. Since the Tang Dynasty, people who passed the rural tribute examination were called Gong Shi. In the Qing Dynasty, Gong Shi was a candidate for the final exam.
Jinshi means a person who pays tribute. Among the subjects in the Tang Dynasty, Jinshi was the most valued. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Jinshi was the name of the examinee. Gong Shi passed the provincial examination, and Jinshi was admitted to the palace examination from Gong Shi.
Juren originally refers to the recommended person, which is a general term for the candidates who have paid tribute to various towns and villages in Beijing in previous dynasties. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, it was a special title for people who passed the provincial examination. As a birth qualification, those who pass the exam are called "legal circles" and "developed", or "law" for short, commonly known as "masters".
A scholar was nicknamed "Cai Mao". A general term for outstanding talents in this department. After the Han dynasty, it became one of the subjects to recommend talents. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, this subject was the most important. In the early Tang Dynasty, there was a scholar department, which was gradually abolished, only as a general term for ordinary Confucian scholars. Ming Taizu once adopted the method of recommendation, citing dozens of scholars, instead of taking magistrate of a county as an official. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was specially used to address students in Fuzhou and County. It is also called "xianggong" customarily.
The top scholar in the imperial examination is Yuan. In the Tang Dynasty, all juren who went to Beijing had to hand in their papers to take the examination of the Ministry of Rites, so they were called the first and the first among the Jinshi, and also called the champion of the senior high school entrance examination. In Song Dynasty, palace examination was the first scholar. After the examination in Ming and Qing Dynasties, Gong Shi had to take the palace examination, and he was chosen from the top three, and the top three chose one, and the first one was the champion.
Second place in the Imperial Examination, second place in palace examination. In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, palace examination's second and third places were both called the second place, which means the eye of the list. The Ming and Qing Dynasties specifically referred to the second place, and the third name was Tan Hua. The second prize was awarded to the editor of the Hanlin Academy.
The third name of exploring flowers in the imperial examination of the Palace Examination is exploring flowers. The first banquet for scholars in Qujiang Xingyuan in Tang Dynasty was called "Flower Exploration Banquet". Twenty-three scholars, handsome men and beautiful women in the same list, as flower messengers, traveled to famous gardens and explored famous flowers. The name of flower exploration began here, and it was also called Flower Exploration Lang in Song Dynasty. After the Southern Song Dynasty, palace examination ranked third. Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties remain unchanged. Flower Exploration Award Editor of Hanlin Academy.
In the Tang Dynasty in Xie Yuan, all those who were promoted to Jinshi were sent to the examination by the local authorities, so Xiangyan called Xie Yuan the first place after having obtained the provincial examination. It was called Jietou before the Song Dynasty.
In the imperial examination system of Huiyuan, the Han style after the provincial examination was given to Juren, and Huiyuan was the first place for Juren to try Han style.
Gong Sheng, a student studying in Gong Shengming and counties of Qing Dynasty, was elected to imperial academy. It means to contribute talents to the emperor.
The highest institution: Guo Zi University.
Educational administration and the highest institution of higher learning in China feudal society.
In the second year of Xianning (AD 276), Emperor Wu of Jin was established in parallel with imperial academy. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, there were either Chinese studies or imperial examinations, or both. Beiqi was renamed Guo Zi Temple. Emperor Wendi was in charge of Guo Zi Temple, Guo Zi, imperial academy and four schools. Emperor Yang Di changed Guo Zi Temple to imperial academy. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, imperial academy was also in charge of Guo Zi, imperial academy and four schools. In the Yuan Dynasty, there were three schools, namely Guo Zi School, Mongolian School and Returned School, also known as imperial academy. Only imperial academy was established in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which was the administrative organ of education and had the nature of Chinese studies. 1905 (thirty-first year of Guangxu) was established, and imperial academy was abolished. Although the names of Guo Zi School (Guo Zi Temple, imperial academy) and imperial academy are different, and the system of past dynasties has also changed, they are both the highest institutions of learning. However, when both are established, the educational object of Guo Zi School belongs to the children of higher rulers.