1. What is vocational education?
Vocational education refers to the education of professional knowledge, skills and professional ethics necessary for the educated to engage in a certain occupation or productive labor, including vocational school education and vocational training. Vocational school education is academic education, which is divided into secondary and higher vocational school education (hereinafter referred to as secondary vocational schools and higher vocational schools)
(1) Secondary vocational education is divided into three categories according to the types of running schools:
Technical secondary school: general technical secondary school, which belongs to the education department.
Vocational high school: Vocational high school, which belongs to the education department.
Technical school: Technical school, affiliated to Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security.
(2) Higher vocational education is an important part of China's education, which can be divided into two categories:
Higher vocational education: Higher vocational education has two levels: junior college and undergraduate. At present, there are only junior colleges and undergraduate courses in higher vocational education in China (since 20 12, some higher vocational colleges and undergraduate colleges have jointly organized), and there is no graduate-level higher vocational education.
Specialist: Higher specialist education, generally referring to medicine, normal school and public security.
2. What is general education?
General education is divided into general basic education and general higher education.
(1) General basic education is divided into preschool education, primary education, junior high school education and senior high school education.
(2) General higher education refers to professional education that mainly recruits high school graduates for full-time study.
General education is divided into six categories: primary school, junior high school, senior high school, junior college, undergraduate course and postgraduate (master's degree and doctor's degree).
3. For further understanding, please give examples:
(1) Women's colleges without the word "occupation" but only "college" and "university" generally belong to higher education in general education.
(2) Business vocational colleges and vocational and technical colleges, both with the word "occupation", generally belong to higher vocational education.
(3) Medical colleges with the word "Gao" generally belong to vocational colleges.
(4) Industrial and Commercial Technician College has the word "technician", which is generally considered as higher vocational education and an upgrade of technical schools, that is, students can obtain the certificate of senior technician, which is at the same level as junior college.
(5) The word "technology" is a common name, which generally only means that the school pays attention to cultivating students' learning skills and technology.
Now most provinces in the country have finished the college entrance examination, and presumably many small partners have received the notice from their favorite schools. Recently, many friends questioned on the Internet, "Why are all college degrees, but some schools are * * * colleges and some schools are * * * vocational and technical colleges?" In fact, the difference between the two is essentially the difference between junior college and higher vocational college.
So today we will talk about the difference between junior college and higher vocational education, hoping to help more friends in need to solve their doubts through this answer.
First of all, the essential gap between higher vocational colleges and higher vocational colleges is not obvious at present, and there is basically no difference between them in many cases, which is worthy of recognition. However, some details will seem a little distant (teaching quality, development history, etc. ), so let's take stock together!
Number 1
The specialty here is more inclined to the academic level, and the higher vocational education is more inclined to the school type. In China, full-time college degree is awarded by two colleges, namely, higher vocational college and higher vocational college, so I will discuss it separately in the preface below. Higher vocational education in China does not have vocational undergraduate education, but it covers undergraduate education, but its popularity in China is very small at present. At present, only Kunming University of Science and Technology and Shenzhen University are known.
No.2 Admission Batch and Cultivation Direction
In the years after 2000, the annual college entrance examination batches in China can be divided into five grades in the general direction, among which the junior college level is in the fourth and fifth grades, so the fourth grade here mainly refers to the current higher vocational colleges, and the fifth grade is the current higher vocational colleges (* * Vocational and Technical College), which is basically the lowest in the whole higher education at that time. But now basically all provinces in China are merging higher vocational education and higher vocational education into a specialist batch for enrollment.
In terms of training direction, both higher vocational colleges and higher vocational colleges emphasize technology rather than theoretical teaching, so the training direction is completely opposite to undergraduate education. Higher vocational colleges pay more attention to the cultivation of students' technical practical ability than higher vocational colleges, and higher vocational colleges pay more attention to the supplement of students' theoretical knowledge than higher vocational colleges. But there is not much difference between technical knowledge and theoretical knowledge.
No.3 development history
Generally speaking, higher vocational colleges are * * * vocational and technical colleges, but higher vocational colleges refer to * * * colleges. Relatively speaking, the proportion of higher vocational colleges is relatively large, and so far the development of higher vocational colleges accounts for a small proportion. At present, the main force of colleges and universities in China is also represented by higher vocational colleges. Before 2000, higher vocational colleges dominated, and after 2000, higher vocational colleges were generally upgraded from technical secondary schools to higher vocational colleges. In the history of development, higher vocational colleges are longer than higher vocational colleges.
Fourth, the advantages of school upgrading.
As mentioned earlier, the proportion of specialties is relatively small, mainly because many former specialties have now been upgraded to undergraduate courses. At present, most undergraduate colleges are upgraded from specialties before enrolling specialties, and these specialties will gradually decrease. At present, it is only a transitional period, and the development history of junior college is relatively long, which is basically public, so it is easier for junior college to upgrade to undergraduate course. Therefore, the current college has either been upgraded or is on the way to upgrade.
However, for public higher vocational colleges, it is still difficult to upgrade to undergraduate courses because of their short development history and immature management and education models in all aspects. However, for private higher vocational colleges, it is easier to upgrade to undergraduate than public higher vocational colleges.
Fifth Diploma and Employment
The relevant issues of graduation certificate must be a concern of everyone. After checking some relevant information, the words "specialized vocational education" will still be marked on the diplomas issued by some higher vocational colleges, and the diplomas of higher vocational colleges are "specialized graduation". But most higher vocational diplomas are the same as higher vocational ones. After all, they are all combined batch admissions, and there is no need to distinguish these.
In fact, for enterprises, they do not pay attention to the difference between the two diplomas. Anyway, they all graduated from junior college, so the treatment they enjoy in the job market is basically the same, and there is no difference. Of course, there are some good vocational colleges, but as far as I know, these vocational colleges or colleges are all advancing on the road of promotion.
So there is little or no difference between higher vocational education and higher vocational education at present. If there is, it is more reflected in those soft powers. But if you can choose, I still hope that you can choose an institution, because the institutions are basically on the way to upgrading, so they will be superior in teaching quality and requirements, which will definitely be beneficial to students themselves.
I hope my answer can help you.
As a human resources worker, I will answer your related questions.
The answer is:
Of course, there is a difference between junior college and higher vocational college, otherwise it is a series of education, the name of a school!
The most remarkable difference between junior college and higher vocational education is that they belong to two different educational sequences:
College, a series of ordinary higher education, graduates, mostly "white-collar" professional and technical personnel;
Higher vocational education is the sequence of higher vocational education, and the graduates are mostly "blue-collar" skilled workers, technicians and other technical operators.
First, junior college
College belongs to the category of university and is the sequence of general higher education;
University, divided into undergraduate and junior college levels;
Just like middle school, it is divided into two levels: high school and junior high school; Primary schools used to be divided into two levels: high school and primary school.
College is an abbreviation, and its official name should be College.
College, named XX College, or XX College.
Second, university education.
The undergraduate course focuses on science and theoretical education, and mainly trains scientific theorists and researchers.
In universities, both scientific theory education and technical education are paid equal attention to, and technical education is given priority, mainly to cultivate professional and technical personnel.
It can be seen that university education and science and technology education are emphasized. Undergraduate students pay attention to science and theory education, while junior college students pay attention to technology education.
Third, higher vocational education.
Higher vocational education does not belong to ordinary higher education, but belongs to the sequence of higher vocational education;
In fact, most of the former higher vocational colleges were technical schools and secondary specialized schools. In the upsurge of vocational education in recent years, technical schools and secondary specialized schools have been upgraded to higher vocational colleges equivalent to specialized education, and some colleges have been transformed into higher vocational colleges. Technician colleges, which have sprung up in recent years, pay attention to training practical professional technical operators, that is, skilled workers and technicians.
Although higher vocational education is equivalent to junior college education, the teaching content is the same as that of mechanic education, and the training direction is somewhat similar, but the technicians trained by junior college education still belong to the "white-collar" group;
Practical technical operators in higher vocational training, whether skilled workers or technicians, belong to the "blue-collar" group.
The teaching contents of junior college and higher vocational college are somewhat similar, but the training direction is completely different!
Fourth, higher vocational colleges also have undergraduate courses.
It should be noted that a few higher vocational colleges recruit undergraduates, such as shenzhen polytechnic.
In addition, there are 15 vocational and technical universities in China, which enroll undergraduates.
National Vocational University (undergraduate)
1 Quanzhou Vocational and Technical University
2. Nanchang Vocational College
3. Jiangxi Software Vocational and Technical University
4. Shandong Foreign Studies Vocational and Technical University
5. Shandong Engineering Vocational and Technical University
6. Shandong Foreign Affairs Vocational College
7. Henan Vocational College of Science and Technology
8. Guangdong Vocational and Technical University of Industry and Commerce
9. Guangzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology
10, Guangxi City Vocational University
1 1, Hainan University of Science and Technology
12, Chongqing Vocational College of Mechanical and Electrical Technology
13, Chengdu Art Vocational University
14, Xi 'an Information Vocational University
15, Xi 'an Automobile Vocational University
Junior college and higher vocational college belong to the same academic level, that is, the junior college level. It's just that the teaching content of junior college and higher vocational college is different, but the state recognizes it. Junior college pays attention to comprehensive education, while higher vocational college pays attention to professional and technical ability.
There are basically no secondary school candidates in junior college, and there are secondary school students in higher vocational colleges besides ordinary candidates.
There is no difference between college students and higher vocational students in employment and salary.
Generally speaking, the level of junior college and higher vocational education is the same, but the name is different. There are differences in teaching emphasis, educational forms and training objectives between them.
The above is a scientific and exact explanation. If I have to choose by myself, I will choose a junior college, because the knowledge taught by the junior college is more comprehensive. This is to cultivate a person's cognitive and understanding ability. No matter what job you are engaged in in in the future, it is good to have rich theoretical knowledge, and it will also guide your own practice, in which you will naturally polish your professional and technical ability. If there is a lack of theory, only technology, it is difficult to improve. Many people tell us from their own experiences that the time spent in school seems to be very short and they get very little. But after graduation, it is really difficult to catch up with the learning progress in the university through various studies.
College and higher vocational education are two concepts that we often see in the process of volunteering to fill in the college entrance examination, studying education policies and consulting university information.
In a broad sense or in theory, there is a big difference between junior college and higher vocational college, but in practice, higher vocational college and higher vocational college (junior college) are often put together, so in a narrow sense, higher vocational college is easily confused with junior college. We can distinguish from the following three aspects:
Connotation difference of 0 1
People often say "junior college" or "higher vocational education", which may refer to a kind of education, such as junior college education and higher vocational education; It may be the type of school, such as junior college and higher vocational college; It may also be the type of students, such as college students and higher vocational graduates.
No matter from the academic background, school or student type, the connotation of junior college and higher vocational college is very different.
College generally refers to a kind of school education whose main teaching content is to improve academic level and basic scientific knowledge. The task of junior college education is usually undertaken by schools that implement general junior college education, which is a kind of general higher education. Generally corresponding to general basic education (preschool education, primary education, junior high school education, general high school education), general undergraduate education and postgraduate education.
Higher vocational education is a form of vocational education that instructs the educated to acquire higher vocational knowledge, skills and corresponding professional ethics needed by a certain occupation or productive labor. The purpose of higher vocational education is to cultivate applied talents and skilled talents with the cultural level and professional knowledge and skills that higher education should have, and pay more attention to the cultivation of practical skills and practical work ability.
It can be seen that the gap between the two is still obvious in terms of school goals, training contents and teaching tasks. The essential difference is that college refers to the level of college education, which is relative to primary school, junior high school, senior high school, undergraduate and graduate education. Higher vocational education refers to the type of higher vocational education, which corresponds to general education and secondary vocational education (including general secondary schools, adult secondary schools, vocational high schools and technical schools).
02 differences in extension
Because China's current higher vocational education is mainly at the junior college level, in other words, the current junior college education is mainly undertaken by higher vocational colleges (some undergraduate colleges also offer junior colleges). Therefore, people often simply think that higher vocational education is college-level education, but it is not.
Higher vocational education should be standardized as "higher vocational education", which can not only include vocational education at the junior college level (there are also five-year vocational education and special types of vocational education at the junior college level), but also include higher vocational education at the level of applied undergraduate, professional master and professional doctor.
From May, 2065438 to May, 2009, the Ministry of Education approved the first batch of 15 higher vocational colleges in China, such as Nanchang Vocational College and Jiangxi Software Vocational College, to be upgraded to pilot higher vocational colleges and set up a number of higher vocational undergraduate majors, thus giving birth to the first batch of "vocational universities" in China. This is also a kind of higher vocational education, but after graduating from the established higher vocational undergraduate major, I got the undergraduate degree.
From a broader extension, the employment training and vocational skills training for employees in higher vocational colleges also belong to a form of higher vocational education, which is also advocated by national policies.
College is divided from extension, mainly including higher vocational education at college level and higher general education at college level.
It can be seen that the two are intertwined in extension. Higher vocational education includes higher vocational education at undergraduate and junior college levels, and junior college education also includes higher vocational education and general education.
03 differences in actual use
As can be seen from the above analysis, the connotation and extension of higher vocational colleges and junior colleges are quite different. However, because the current higher vocational education is basically the level of junior college education, higher vocational education (narrow sense or practical use) and higher vocational education (junior college) are often put together, and in practice, they are mainly distinguished from the following aspects:
Differences in the usage of (1) names
For example, there are 167 colleges and universities in Jiangsu, including 77 undergraduates and 90 higher vocational colleges. Among them, there are 85 higher vocational colleges named after "vocational colleges", "vocational technical colleges" and "vocational universities", which are usually called "higher vocational colleges". (Note: Not a vocational school)
The five colleges named after colleges in Jiangsu (Nantong Normal College, Zhenjiang Normal College, Yancheng Normal College, Suzhou Normal College and Xuzhou Normal College) are mainly normal colleges, usually called "junior colleges".
If it is named "a vocational college" (note: it is not a college), it generally belongs to secondary vocational education, but most of them can offer five-year higher vocational majors, which can not be regarded as higher vocational colleges in a strict sense.
There is also a kind of senior technical school called "So-and-so Technician College" (note: it is not a school), which generally belongs to the senior technical school headed by the human and social departments, and does not belong to the higher vocational education headed by the education department. If this kind of technician college can hang a branch school under a higher vocational college, it can offer five-year higher vocational majors, but it is not what we often say.
(2) differences in the types of running schools
In general, vocational education is the mainstay of higher vocational colleges, while general education is the mainstay of higher vocational colleges.
However, due to historical reasons and realistic situation, some colleges have gradually turned to vocational education, although they appeared in the name of higher education. For example, Liaoning Jiaotong University, Liaoning Taxation College, Changchun Institute of Automobile Industry and Changchun Institute of Finance, although not renamed as higher vocational colleges, chose the direction and type of higher vocational education.
(3) Set professional differences.
Under normal circumstances, colleges and universities are mainly concentrated in normal education, medicine, public security or some industries with distinctive characteristics and obvious professional advantages, and the professional setting must be dominated by these majors controlled by the state.
As can be seen from the previous cases, the colleges in Jiangsu Higher Vocational Colleges are basically characterized by normal majors, and the original medical colleges have also been renamed as higher vocational colleges, so the scale and proportion of higher vocational education are very high, and the whole country is in the forefront. In other provinces, most medical and public security majors are still labeled as specialties, and setting up majors naturally highlights these state-controlled majors.
(4) Differences in graduation certificates
Whether it is higher vocational education or higher vocational education, students who have completed the courses prescribed by the major and passed the examination will be awarded the diploma of the college with the academic qualifications recognized by the state. However, the diploma of higher vocational education will write "specialist (higher vocational education)" and the specialist will only write "specialist".
In the past, higher vocational colleges may have differences in enrollment scores, admission batches, employment recommendations, etc. Now there is basically no big difference, and graduates enjoy equal treatment.
For example, the admission batches of most higher vocational colleges in the general college entrance examination are generally two batches (excluding advanced batches such as art and sports). The first batch is the batch of liberal arts vocational colleges, and the second batch is the batch of registered admission. It is of little significance for higher vocational colleges and colleges to be admitted separately as different batches.
To sum up, in a broad sense, higher vocational education (higher vocational education, higher vocational education or applied undergraduate education, professional master's and doctor's vocational education or applied postgraduate education) is very different from college education, with obvious differences in connotation and extension, mutual tolerance and relatively easy to distinguish.
The problem is that narrow vocational education is easily confused with junior college, because it is mainly manifested in the level of junior college education. In practice, apart from the differences in the use of names, school types, majors offered and diplomas, the differences between them are getting smaller and smaller, and they are converging with each other.
China's higher education is divided into three levels: junior college, undergraduate and postgraduate, and junior college is divided into higher vocational education and higher vocational education according to the type of education. Therefore, the subject's question should be changed to: the difference between ordinary colleges and higher vocational colleges. Because higher vocational colleges are also colleges, it is a bit imprecise for you to ask about the difference between them.
Ordinary colleges can be regarded as a shortened version of undergraduate education, generally more popular, and the school name is basically xx College. Higher vocational colleges mainly focus on vocational education, and the name is generally XX Vocational and Technical College. In fact, there is not much difference between ordinary colleges and higher vocational colleges now. They all need to take the college entrance examination or take a counterpart single move to enter the school. At present, most provinces and cities in China have implemented the complete merger of higher vocational colleges.
There must be a difference. The junior college level is higher than the higher vocational level. When the college entrance examination is accepted, the junior college is before the higher vocational college, and the higher vocational college is admitted after the junior college. In addition, the study in junior college is more comprehensive than that in higher vocational college, which is more inclined to learn technical skills.
In fact, from the employment level, higher vocational graduates can enter the post, but junior college is not necessarily.
From the quality level, the quality of personnel in junior colleges is much more comprehensive, and their learning ability is better than that in higher vocational colleges.
To put it simply, higher vocational education is equivalent to junior college education, which belongs to junior college equivalent academic ability. College is divided into undergraduate colleges and universities. 1999 higher vocational education, with the growth of higher vocational education, colleges and universities have been upgraded to two, and undergraduate colleges have cancelled specialist education. Later, junior college and higher vocational colleges merged enrollment batches.
Higher vocational education can be upgraded to ordinary undergraduate education like a junior college. Currently, there are few undergraduate courses in higher vocational education.
Higher vocational education belongs to applied vocational education, while junior college belongs to research-oriented academic education, with different directions. To put it bluntly, junior college is the direction of managers and higher vocational education is the direction of workers. If you want to learn a trade well, higher vocational education is a good choice.
The admission level of early junior college is higher than that of higher vocational college, the training cost is lower than that of higher vocational college, and the tuition fee is lower than that of higher vocational college. The admission scores of higher vocational colleges are much lower than those of junior colleges and undergraduate colleges. It turns out that the gap between the college admission score and the undergraduate admission score is very small, so it is not easy to enter the university.
With the cancellation of junior college education in ordinary undergraduate colleges, there are few junior college graduates and junior college graduates, and the admission level of junior college graduates is almost higher vocational colleges, so everyone habitually calls higher vocational colleges junior colleges.
There is no difference. By education, I mean university education. Talking about going to school and calling for higher vocational education sounds good and foreign.
I changed my name, but my education remains the same. At the national level, we hope to reform the junior college education, from "junior college" to "higher vocational education" focusing on vocational skills training. In recent years, the trend is that there are more and more higher vocational undergraduate and applied undergraduate colleges!