Higher education is related to the cultivation of high-quality talents, the enhancement of national innovation ability and the overall situation of building a harmonious society, so it is highly valued and widely concerned by the party, the government and all sectors of society. Training quality is the core index of higher education. After different disciplines and majors set different training objectives, their quality needs to be guaranteed by corresponding funds. Higher education belongs to non-compulsory education, and its funds are composed of financial allocations from governments around the world, self-financing by schools, social donations and tuition income. For students from poor families who are suitable for higher education, they can generally get financial aid through loans, remission and supplementary tuition fees, and those with excellent academic performance can also enjoy scholarships from the government, schools and enterprises.

Tuition involves every college student and his family, which is a sensitive and complicated issue: too high tuition will make many students unable to pay, and too low tuition will make schools lack financial resources to ensure quality. The issue of tuition fees has recently caused heated discussions in various media.

According to China's national conditions, please collect relevant data such as national per capita funds, training expenses, family income, etc. Through mathematical modeling, make a quantitative analysis of the tuition standards of several types of schools or majors, and draw a clear and convincing conclusion. Data collection and analysis are the basis and important part of your modeling and analysis. Your thesis must be clear-headed, well-founded and clear-cut.

Article 54 of the Higher Education Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) (adopted at the fourth meeting of the Ninth NPC Standing Committee on August 29th, 2008, 1998) stipulates: "Students in institutions of higher learning pay tuition fees in accordance with state regulations. Students with financial difficulties can apply for subsidies or reduce tuition fees. " Therefore, the question of tuition standard of general higher education in China is put forward.

Keywords:: Research on Tuition Standard of General Higher Education in China

China Library ClassificationNo.: G467.27 Document IdentificationNo.: B DocumentNo. (2005) 03-0 16-03.

1996 65438+On February 26th, with the consent of the State Council, the State Education Commission, the State Planning Commission and the Ministry of Finance promulgated the Interim Measures for the Administration of Fees in Colleges and Universities (JIAOJIAN [1996]10/), in which Article 3 stipulates that higher education belongs to. This provision shows that tuition fees for higher education are legal fees. On this basis, we discuss the tuition standard.

First, the average training cost of ordinary higher education in China

Article 5 of the Interim Measures for the Administration of Fees in Colleges and Universities (Jian Zong [1996] 10 1No.) stipulates that in principle, the proportion and standard of tuition fees to the annual average cost of education and training shall be jointly stipulated by the State Education Commission, the State Planning Commission and the Ministry of Finance. At present, the proportion of college tuition in the annual average education and training cost should not exceed 25%. The specific proportion should be gradually adjusted according to economic development and the affordability of the masses.

According to the regulation that "the proportion of tuition fees in ordinary colleges and universities to the annual average education and training cost shall not exceed 25%" (that is, the proportion of budgetary education expenditure to the annual average education and training cost shall not be less than 75%), the average training cost of ordinary higher education in China is calculated with reference to the statistical announcement data of the implementation of national education funds.

Statistical announcement on the implementation of national education funds in 2000: In 2000, the average budget expenditure of public funds in colleges and universities nationwide was 7309.58 yuan, and the average budget expenditure of public funds in colleges and universities nationwide was 292 1.23 yuan. Adding the two items together, in 2000, the national average budget expenditure for higher education was 1, 030438+0 yuan.

Based on this, it is speculated that the annual per capita education cost of national colleges and universities in 2000 is:

10230.8 1 RMB 0.75 = 1364438+0.08 RMB.

Statistical announcement on the implementation of national education funds in 20001year: in 200 1 year, the average expenditure of public funds in the budget of national colleges and universities was 68 16.23 yuan, and the average expenditure of public funds in the budget of national colleges and universities was 26 13.56 yuan. Adding the two items together, 200 1 year, the average budget expenditure of higher education in China is 9429.79 yuan.

Based on this, it is estimated that the annual per capita education cost of national colleges and universities in 200 1 year is:

9429.79 yuan ÷0.75= 12573.05 yuan

Statistical announcement on the implementation of national education funds in 2002: in 2002, the average expenditure of public funds in the budget of national colleges and universities was 6 177.96 yuan, and the average expenditure of public funds in the budget of national colleges and universities was 2453.47 yuan. Add these two items together,

In 2002, the average budget expenditure of higher education funds in China was 863 1.43 yuan.

Based on this, it is speculated that the annual per capita education cost of national colleges and universities in 2002 is:

863 1.43 yuan ÷0.75= 1 1508.57 yuan.

Statistical announcement on the implementation of national education funds in 2003: in 2003, the average budget expenditure of public funds in colleges and universities nationwide was 5772.58 yuan, and the average budget expenditure of public funds in colleges and universities nationwide was 2352.36 yuan. Adding the two items together, in 2003, the average budget expenditure of higher education in China was 8 124.94 yuan.

Based on this, it is speculated that the annual per capita education cost of national colleges and universities in 2000 is:

8 124.94 yuan ÷0.75= 10833.25 yuan

As can be seen from the above data, the annual per capita education cost of colleges and universities in China is more than 6,543,800 yuan. With the enrollment expansion of ordinary colleges and universities, the annual per capita education cost of ordinary colleges and universities in China shows a downward trend. It is suspected that the decline in education expenditure in the average budget of colleges and universities nationwide means that the tuition fees of students have quietly increased.

In this regard, it is urgent for the state to study and formulate a method for checking the average training cost of ordinary colleges and universities.

Second, the annual per capita education cost of colleges and universities in China varies greatly.

Article 60 of the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on Higher Education (adopted at the fourth meeting of the Standing Committee of the Ninth NPC on August 29th, 2008, 1998) stipulates that the state shall establish a system with financial allocation as the main part, supplemented by various other channels to raise funds for higher education, so as to adapt the development of higher education to the level of economic and social development. The State Council and the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall, in accordance with the provisions of Article 55 of the Education Law, ensure the gradual increase of funds for higher education sponsored by the state. The state encourages enterprises, institutions, social organizations and other social organizations and individuals to invest in higher education. Article 62 stipulates that the education administrative department of the State Council, together with other relevant departments of the State Council, shall, according to the annual per capita education cost of students, formulate the annual funding standards for institutions of higher learning and the basic principles for raising funds; The education administrative departments of the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall, jointly with relevant departments, formulate annual funding standards and financing methods for institutions of higher learning within their respective administrative areas as the basic basis for organizers and institutions of higher learning to raise funds for running schools.

Different departments in charge of colleges and universities in China have different investments in colleges and universities. Colleges and universities in China are located in different provinces, with different levels of regional economic development and different investment standards.

Statistical announcement of the Ministry of Education, the National Bureau of Statistics and the Ministry of Finance on the implementation of national education funds in 2003 (No.45 [2004] of the State Council): In 2003, the average budget public expenditure of ordinary colleges and universities nationwide was 5772.58 yuan, and the average budget public expenditure of ordinary colleges and universities nationwide was 2352.36 yuan. In 2003, the average budget expenditure of higher education in China was 8 124.94 yuan.

In 2003, the average budget expenditure of public funds in Beijing universities was 15806.43 yuan, and the average budget expenditure of public funds in Beijing universities in 2003 was 9946.66 yuan. On the whole, in 2003, the average budget expenditure of education funds in ordinary colleges and universities in Beijing was 25,753.09 yuan.

Based on this, it is speculated that the annual per capita education cost of ordinary colleges and universities in Beijing in 2003 is:

25753.09 yuan ÷0.75=34337.45 yuan

In 2003, the average budget expenditure of public funds in Shanghai universities was 897 1.22 yuan, and the average budget expenditure of public funds in Shanghai universities in 2003 was 3504.72 yuan. On the whole, in 2003, the average budget expenditure of Shanghai colleges and universities was 12475.94 yuan.

Based on this, it is speculated that the annual per capita education cost of ordinary colleges and universities in Shanghai in 2003 is:

12475.94 yuan ÷0.75= 16634.59 yuan

In 2003, the average budget expenditure of public utilities in colleges and universities in Sichuan Province was 2040.77 yuan, and that of public utilities in colleges and universities in Sichuan Province was 878.73 yuan. On the whole, in 2003, the average budget expenditure of education funds in colleges and universities in Sichuan Province was 29 19.5 yuan.

Based on this, it is estimated that the annual per capita education cost of colleges and universities in Sichuan Province in 2003 is:

29 19.5 yuan ÷0.75=3892.67 yuan

In 2003, the average budget expenditure of Beijing's ordinary colleges and universities was 25,753.09 yuan, which was 8.82 times that of 29 19.5 yuan in Sichuan Province in 2003.

Due to the different conditions of running a university, it is reasonable that there is a certain gap in the training cost of colleges and universities across the country. However, due to the implementation of the national unified salary and treatment standards for faculty and staff in colleges and universities across the country, the training cost gap in colleges and universities across the country should not be too big.

Statistical Bulletin of National Economic and Social Development in People's Republic of China (PRC) in 2004: In 2004, the per capita disposable income of urban residents was 9,422 yuan, and the per capita net income of rural residents was 2,936 yuan. A total of 22,065,438+0,000 urban residents in China have received the government's minimum living guarantee. According to the standard that the annual per capita net income is less than 668 yuan, the absolute poverty population in rural areas was 2,665,438+million at the end of the year, 2.9 million fewer than that at the end of last year; According to the annual per capita net income of 669-924 yuan, the rural low-income population at the end of the year was 49.77 million.

Residents with different income levels pay tuition fees according to the same standard, which is beyond the reach of poor families. Many people complain not about low income, but about high tuition fees. In this regard, it is urgent for the state to study and formulate a method for checking the average training cost of ordinary colleges and universities.

Three, the national colleges and universities should study the cost of education.

Article 4 of the Interim Measures for the Administration of Fees in Colleges and Universities (Jian Zong [1996]10/No.) stipulates that the tuition standard shall be determined according to a certain proportion of the annual average education and training cost. The tuition fees of schools in different regions, different majors and different levels can be different. Education and training expenses include the following items: official expenses, business expenses, equipment purchase expenses, repair expenses, personnel expenses and other normal running expenses. Does not include disaster losses, accidents, school-run industrial expenditures and other abnormal school-running expenditures.

1 99965438+1Notice of the State Planning Commission on Relevant Issues Concerning the Adjustment of Tuition Standards in Art Colleges on October 25th (JJ [1999] No.79): According to the average training cost of students in art colleges and considering the affordability of students, the tuition standard is adjusted from the current maximum of 6,000 yuan per student per academic year to the maximum/kl. Within the prescribed scope, the tuition standards for majors such as performance, director, photography, conductor and art with high training costs and post-employment income can be determined from a high level; For majors that need state support and majors with relatively low training costs such as theory and education, the tuition standard should be determined from low. Specific tuition standards are proposed by the competent departments of colleges and universities in all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government according to the training costs, students' sources and students' affordability of different majors in art colleges, reviewed by the competent price department at the same level in conjunction with the financial department, implemented after being approved by the provincial people's government, and reported to the State Planning Commission, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Finance and the competent business departments for the record.

On April 30th, 2002, the Notice of the State Planning Commission, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Education on the Charge Standards of Model Software Colleges in Colleges and Universities and Related Matters (JJ [2002] No.665) showed that the tuition standards of model software colleges were approved by credits. The maximum amount of tuition fees charged by model software colleges in colleges and universities is: undergraduate and second bachelor's degree students, and the maximum tuition fee per credit per student does not exceed that of 400 yuan; The maximum tuition fee per credit for engineering master students is not more than 1000 yuan. According to the relevant regulations of the Ministry of Education, the total academic achievement required to complete undergraduate and second bachelor's degrees (including compulsory and elective courses, the same below) is not higher than 80 credits, and the total academic achievement required to complete the master's degree in engineering is not higher than 40 credits. Colleges and universities, according to the cost of running a school, put forward the standard of tuition fees per student and credits for their model software colleges within the unified national maximum, which shall be implemented after being submitted to the competent departments of price and finance of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government for examination and approval.

The tuition fees of different majors are different, which is easy for the masses to understand. Some people think that the credit system tuition is a disguised price increase. In this regard, it is urgent for the state to study and formulate a method for checking the average training cost of ordinary colleges and universities.

On May 9, 2005, the Ministry of Education, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Finance "Notice on Doing a Good Job of Charging in Colleges and Universities in 2005" (No.J.Z. [2005] 10) pointed out that in recent years, under the unified leadership of the State Council, the Ministry of Education, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Finance and other relevant departments and local people's governments at all levels have taken a series of measures to standardize the management of charging in colleges and universities. Third, strengthen the management of school fee funds, deepen the management reform of "two lines of revenue and expenditure", and gradually pay all the school fee income into the financial special account or the national treasury, and bring it into the scope of departmental budget preparation; Fourth, strengthen the management of school bills and uniformly use bills printed by financial departments at or above the provincial level; Fifth, while constantly standardizing the management of tuition fees in colleges and universities, we have further strengthened the efforts to control arbitrary charges in colleges and universities, established a national inter-ministerial joint conference system to control arbitrary charges in education, adopted a series of measures to address both the symptoms and the root causes, and organized various forms of supervision and inspection. Through the joint efforts of relevant departments, people's governments at all levels and institutions of higher learning, the management of fees in institutions of higher learning has been further standardized. In order to improve the scientific decision-making of education fees, the state will study and formulate the methods for checking the average cost of education and training in ordinary colleges and universities, and guide all localities to rationally formulate tuition standards for different types of schools and different majors.

It can be said that the accurate verification of the average cost of education and training in colleges and universities will provide a convincing scientific basis for formulating tuition standards.