The modern education system consists of two structures, one is a vertically divided school system, and the other is a horizontally divided school system. The former is called double-track academic system, and the latter is called single-track academic system. Dual-track schools are represented by western European countries, while single-track schools are represented by the United States. The educational structure between the above two kinds of educational systems belongs to the intermediate type, which is called the subject-based educational system.

Branch school system: this is a form of school system created by the former Soviet Union. Before the October Revolution, the traditional European dual-track school system was implemented in the era of Russian Empire. After the October Revolution, a single-track socialist unified educational system was established. In the subsequent development process, some traditions of liberal arts middle schools in the imperial Russia era and the practice of setting up vocational schools separately were partially restored, thus forming a branch school system with the characteristics of single-track schools and some factors of dual-track schools. This educational system has its advantages. It links (institutions of higher learning) with (primary schools) and (secondary specialized schools) with (secondary vocational and technical schools).