Also known as "pygmalion effect" and "interpersonal expectation effect", it is a kind of social psychological effect, which refers to the phenomenon that teachers are eager to let students receive the expected effect dramatically.

It was discovered by American psychologists Rosenthal and L Jacobson through experiments in 1968. Generally speaking, this influence is mainly because teachers have different behavior expectations for high achievers and low achievers and treat them in different ways, thus maintaining their original behavior patterns.

2, overrun effect

Over-limit effect refers to the psychological phenomenon that stimulation is too much, too strong or lasts too long, thus causing psychological impatience or rebellion.

When Mark Twain listened to the pastor's speech, he initially thought that the pastor had made a good speech and planned to donate money. 10 minutes later, before the priest finished speaking, he got impatient and decided to donate only some small change; After another 10 minute, the priest decided not to donate before he finished.

When the priest finally finished speaking and began to raise money, the angry Mark Twain not only didn't donate a penny, but also stole 2 yuan's money from the plate. This kind of rebellious psychological phenomenon caused by excessive stimulation or long action time is the "overrun effect".

3. Westerner effect.

It is believed that moderate rewards are conducive to consolidating the individual's intrinsic motivation, but too many rewards may reduce the individual's interest in the matter itself and reduce its intrinsic motivation.

In some cases, when people have both external rewards and internal rewards, they will not enhance their work motivation, but will reduce their work motivation. At this point, the intensity of motivation will become the difference between the two. People call this law the Desi effect.

This result shows that if external material rewards (plus rewards) (that is, internal rewards) are provided for a pleasant activity, the attraction of this activity to participants will be reduced.

4. Hawthorne effect

Hawthorne effect is an effect that people deliberately change some behaviors or speech expressions when they realize that they are being watched or observed.

Hawthorne is the name of a factory of American Western Electric Company in Chicago, which is a factory for experimental research. At the beginning of the experiment, the relationship between working conditions and production efficiency was studied, including external environmental factors (such as light intensity and humidity) and psychological factors (such as rest interval, team pressure, working hours and managers' leadership).

5, increase or decrease effect

People like people who like themselves more and more, and don't like people who don't like themselves more and more. Psychologists call this phenomenon in interpersonal communication "increasing effect and decreasing effect".

In family education, we can't mechanically copy the "increase and decrease effect". Because when we evaluate people, many specific factors are involved, and the change of the order of praise and criticism alone cannot explain everything. If you don't judge people according to specific objects, contents, opportunities and environments, you will often be self-defeating.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Rosenthal Effect

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