1. The educational reform promoted by the May 4th New Culture Movement (1) restored the educational purpose in the early years of the Republic of China, abolished the Bible reading department, and advocated democratic and scientific new education. After the fall of Yuan Shikai, Fan Yuanlian became the chief of education, and he said that he would seriously implement the education policy announced in the first year. 19 16 In September, the Ministry of Education revoked the Education Outline issued by 19 15. On June+10, 5438, the Ministry of Education promulgated the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Order for Primary and Secondary Schools in Colleges and Universities, and deleted "Reading Classics" and related contents. 19 17 in may, the constitutional review Council rejected the proposal to make Confucianism the state religion, and revoked the clause that "national education should be based on Confucianism" in the draft constitution of 19 13. Schools began to strengthen science education, attach importance to experimental work, and increase practical and professional teaching content. The educational policy formulated in the early years of the Republic of China was realized to some extent. (2) The new cultural movement to establish equal rights for men and women to receive education, while opposing the old ethics, actively publicize the idea of equality between men and women and the liberation of personality, advocate equal rights for men and women to receive cultural education, and advocate the life of men and women. According to the school system set by 19 12, only boys and girls are allowed in primary schools. By 19 15, Yuan Shikai published "Today's Chinese Studies". Only boys and girls are allowed to attend classes in the first and second grades of primary school. After the third grade, boys and girls can only be in one school, not in one class. After the rise of the New Culture Movement, due to the influence of democratic ideas, the problem of equal rights between men and women in education has been gradually solved. 19 17 10 At the third meeting of the All-China Federation of Education Associations, a proposal was put forward to the Ministry of Education to promote women's education, requiring the establishment of women's higher primary schools and women's middle schools. 19 18 In June, the Ministry of Education handled the case of "Please promote women's education" of the National Federation of Education Associations by considering the local conditions of various provinces and regions. 1920 During the summer vacation, Peking University hosted by Cai Yuanpei recruited girls for the first time, and Nanjing Normal University also began to recruit girls. 192 1 year later, all universities will recruit female students and implement male and female students. Although the implementation of male and female students in middle schools is relatively slow, some relatively advanced middle schools, such as Guangdong Provincial Middle School and the Middle School Attached to Beijing Normal University, have also implemented the method of accepting both men and women, even in the same class. Although these measures are far from the real education of equality between men and women, they have greatly changed the inequality between men and women in education for more than two thousand years, which is a significant event in the history of education development in China. (3) The new cultural movement of adopting Putonghua and vernacular Chinese in school teaching, advocating the use of vernacular Chinese instead of classical Chinese, advocating new literature such as national literature, realistic literature and social literature, and many excellent works have appeared, providing many Putonghua textbooks and extracurricular reading materials for school education. Therefore, educators strongly urge schools to use Putonghua and vernacular Chinese in teaching. 19 17 10 At the annual meeting of the National Federation of Education Associations, in order to unify the language, it was decided to promote phonetic symbols, requiring the Ministry of Education to formulate the standard of Putonghua as soon as possible, and try to promote phonetic symbols to all provinces and regions in order to prepare for the future primary school to speak Putonghua. 1918165438+10, the Ministry of Education officially announced the pinyin scheme. At that time, in Beijing, Comte School, founded by Cai Yuanpei and others, compiled its own Putonghua readers, and Jiangsu Province adopted the "case of teaching in Putonghua in schools" and began to use Putonghua textbooks. The new textbooks published by Zhonghua Book Company also use some vernacular Chinese. In this situation, the Ministry of Education explicitly announced in 1920 that the language of the first and second grades of primary schools should be changed to stylistic, and stipulated that all classical Chinese textbooks prepared in the old days should be abolished and changed to stylistic until 1922. The teaching materials of various subjects in middle schools gradually adapt to the style, and the teaching materials in colleges and universities also adopt the style. In this way, classical Chinese textbooks in universities, middle schools and primary schools are gradually eliminated. This is a major reform in the history of education in China. (IV) University restructuring Cai Yuanpei 19 17 took over as president of Peking University and began to reform Peking University. He put forward the policy of running a school, including grand ceremony, attracting many families, freedom of thought and inclusiveness. Invite Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Lu Xun, Li Siguang and other famous scholars to teach in our school; Reform the preparatory course, adjust the major, and change the department system into the department system; Change the grade system to the elective system and implement the credit system; Reform the school management system, set up a Council and implement democratic management; Establish research institutes, organize various research conferences and encourage scientific research; First, recruit girls and implement male and female students; Use vernacular handouts to help students run publications and set up various societies. These reforms enlivened Peking University's thoughts and changed its outlook. The restructuring of Peking University has aroused the response of colleges and universities all over the country, and some practices have been decided at the meeting of principals of Beijing specialized schools and above. Since then, the university has gradually followed the system of Peking University. (5) The banner of democracy and science in the May 4th New Culture Movement encouraged the emergence of various educational ideas and the establishment of various educational groups, and educational ideas were also very active. Various progressive educational ideas such as civilian education, work-study education, vocational education and practical education have emerged, and many educational groups have been established. There are mainly 19 15 established in the United States, 19 18 moved back to the Chinese science society in China, and 19 15 the National Federation of Education Associations composed of representatives of provincial education associations and education associations of special administrative regions. 19 17 "China vocational education society" initiated by famous people in the domestic education industry, 192 1 "China education improvement society" merged by the institute of practical education, the new education institute and the editor-in-chief of the new education, 1923 "China civilian education promotion association". These educational groups carried out educational reform movements from different aspects and reformed the academic system of 1922. It had a great influence on the development of school education at that time. Second, in the 1920s and 1930s, the educational reform experiment (1) tried out intelligence tests and educational tests. Intelligence test and education test are methods to measure students' intelligence level, learning ability and academic performance respectively. Originated in Europe and America, it was introduced to China during the May 4th Movement. 19 18 Yu Ziyi, director of the primary school affiliated to Jiangsu Normal University, compiled the "Examination of Chinese calligraphy", which was the beginning of compiling the examination in China. 1920, Liao Shicheng and Chen Heqin applied to take the intelligence test of students in Nanjing Normal University. From 65438 to 0922, Maccoll, a professor of educational psychology at Columbia University in the United States, came to China and worked with teachers and students of Southeast University and Beijing Normal University to compile about 30 kinds of intelligence and educational test. Later, Lu Zhiwei revised the French Binet-Simon Scale, including 65 tests. At the same time, intelligence tests and educational tests were held in various parts of China. 1923, China Education Improvement Society set up a seminar on the implementation of educational psychological tests. 1928 China vocational education institute set up the testing department, Jiangxi provincial department of education set up the Jiangxi children's intelligence testing bureau, and held tests in Nanchang, Jiujiang and other places. 193 1 In June, "China Testing Society" was established and published the Journal of Testing, but the work could not be completed as scheduled due to "lack of funds" [1]. Later, activities in this area, except the "educational testing and statistics" of Normal University, had been depressed in the 1930s. (2) The implementation of design teaching method and Dalton system. The design teaching method and Dalton system were introduced as a new child-centered teaching method. The design teaching method was initiated by Ke Qubo, head of the Department of Philosophy of Normal Education at Columbia University, and was introduced to China in 19 17. 192 1 The National Federation of Education Societies passed the resolution of "Implementing the Teaching Act of Primary School Design". 1927 China Education Improvement Society invited Ke, the central figure of design teaching method, to visit China, give lectures in Shanghai and Beijing, and vigorously introduce design teaching method. This teaching method was once quite popular. At that time, the experiment of design teaching method was mainly carried out in two forms: "large unit teaching in homework center" without teachers and "design teaching method in various subjects" with teachers. Dalton system was founded by American educator Burke Hurst in Dalton Middle School. Since 1922, Dalton system has been introduced into China. The earliest experimental Dalton system was Shanghai Wuhu Middle School, the most famous of which was the middle school affiliated to Southeast University. According to statistics, by 1925, 57 primary and secondary schools in China have tried this method. Burkhorst came to China to give lectures in 1925, which expanded the influence of Dalton system. 193 1 year, American educator Hua came to China and introduced the Wienert card system, which is a teaching system that combines Dalton system and design teaching method. It was tried out in the primary school of the Ministry of Industry at that time under the auspices of Chen Heqin, which had a certain impact on the teaching of some schools. (3) Changing Teaching Method into Teaching Method Since the late Qing Dynasty, the problem of school teaching method has been called "teaching method". Tao Xingzhi first proposed to change teaching method into teaching method in Nanjing Normal University. Tao Xingzhi believes that Mr. Wang's responsibility lies not in teaching, but in teaching and teaching students to learn. Teaching methods must be based on learning methods. Teachers should teach and learn at the same time, not sell some knowledge, which can be sold for a lifetime. Tao Xingzhi's viewpoint later developed into "teaching integration" on the basis of Dewey's teaching view. However, the question he raised at that time was a universal topic. As a teaching law and scientific concept, "teaching method" can better reflect the essence of teaching process than "teaching method", so it is accepted by the educational circles. Since then, the teaching method has been renamed as "teaching method". In addition, at this time, some schools have also carried out research on teaching methods of various subjects. 1927, special primary schools were established in all provinces and cities, and it was clearly stipulated that their task was to experiment with new teaching methods. But these experiments are piecemeal and have little effect. Three. Rural Education Movement in the 1920s and 1930s (I) The experimental area of rural improvement of China Vocational Education Society was the first one to propose the experimental division of rural education. 1In August, 925, Huang Yanpei put forward the "Shanxi Rural Vocational Education Pilot Plan", and then the Vocational Education Society put forward the "Rural Promotion Pilot Plan". The purpose is to "improve the common life in rural areas with the power of education, thus laying the foundation for social innovation." Among the 2i projects listed, the first one is to "study and improve farming methods, and conduct experiments and effective farming methods". The second is "research on improving process efficiency". Third, "implement compulsory education, and all children studying today, regardless of sex, try to let them go to school." Fourth, "civilian education should be given to older scholars" [2]. In July, 1926, Xugong Bridge in Kunshan on the Shanghai-Nanjing line was taken as the first pilot area. The way is to set up a rural improvement association in Xugongqiao, which is divided into seven departments: general affairs, construction, agriculture, education, health, entertainment and publicity. The probation period is 6 years. The experiment started at 1928, and its main tasks included: establishing agricultural experimental fields, setting up farm tools and agricultural products showrooms, distributing improved seeds, organizing credit cooperatives, granting low-interest loans to farmers, and establishing public clinics; In terms of education, there are four public primary schools, two private primary schools, two mobile classrooms, evening classes (the textbook is "A Thousand Words Course for Farmers", which teaches farmers' common sense, civic knowledge and rural creed), and reading rooms, motto boards and open-air literacy and lectures are set up. 1934 After the test, it will be handed over to local authorities for processing. In addition, China Vocational Education Society has set up experimental areas for rural improvement in Xu Huang, Zhenjiang, Shanrenqiao, Wuxian and Shanghai suburbs. In order to cultivate talents engaged in rural construction, the Vocational Education Society has set up a workshop in Xugongqiao. 1In the autumn of 933, a special course on rural service was set up in Qinghejing, west of Shanghai, and "Zhejiang Zhujiaqiao Rural Improvement Experimental School" was founded in Zhujiaqiao, Yuyao County, Zhejiang Province. China Vocational Education Association wants to solve the rural problems in China through rural improvement, which is of course an illusion of reformism. However, the rural improvement area of vocational education society puts the development of production and rural economy in the first place and adopts the policy of "enriching politics and education", which is unique. (2) The Rural Teachers and Shanhai Engineering Corps founded by Tao Xingzhi (1926) drafted the Declaration on Transforming Rural Education in China for China Education Reform Society, and proposed: "Our new mission is to recruit one million comrades, create one million schools and transform one million villages" and "jointly create a great new life of the Republic of China" [3]. In order to realize this ideal, Tao Xingzhi wrote in 1927.