1. The three elements on the map include: direction, scale and legend.
2. The earth is an irregular sphere with slightly flat poles and slightly bulging equator.
3.0 latitude is also called equator. The equator is 0 latitude, and its circumference is about 40,000 kilometers, which is the longest latitude on the earth. The latitude is 90 degrees from north to south, which is represented by n and s respectively.
The 4,0 meridian, also known as the prime meridian, has 180 from east to west, which are represented by e and w respectively, and the average radius of the earth is 637 1 km.
5. Divide the earth into the southern hemisphere and the northern hemisphere with the equator as the boundary; With 20 W and160 E as the boundaries, the earth is divided into the eastern hemisphere and the western hemisphere.
6. Latitude range: 0° 30 NS is low latitude; 30 60 NS is the middle latitude; 60 90 NS is high latitude.
7. Compare the characteristics of longitude and latitude: the semicircle (arc) of longitude is equal to the north-south direction; Wefts are all long and short circles in the east-west direction (except poles).
8. On the surface of the earth, the land area accounts for 29% and the ocean area accounts for 7 1%, so the earth is vividly called "three-thirds of the land and seven-quarters of the ocean".
9. The names of the seven continents are: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Oceania. Asia and Europe are called Eurasia, and China is located in Asia.
Antarctica is the continent with the longest longitude span in the world; Asia is the largest continent.
10, the four oceans are: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean.
The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean in the world. The Atlantic Ocean is S-shaped; The Arctic Ocean is the longest ocean in the world.
1 1, the dividing line between Asia and Europe: Urals, ural river, Great Caucasus and Turkish Strait (connecting the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea). The dividing line between Asia and Africa is the Suez Canal (connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea). The dividing line between South America and North America: Panama Canal (connecting the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean).
12, all kinds of ups and downs on the surface are always called topography. It is usually divided into five basic types: plains, plateaus, mountains, hills and basins.
13. Altitude is used to indicate the ups and downs of the ground on the topographic map. Green represents plains, blue represents oceans, yellow represents alpine plateaus, and white represents glaciers.
14, five basic landforms: plain plateau hilly basin
15. plate tectonic theory: the earth's lithosphere consists of six plates, namely, Eurasia plate, America plate, Africa plate, Pacific plate, Indian ocean plate and Antarctic plate. The Pacific plate is almost entirely ocean.
16, the interior of the plate is relatively stable, and there are cracks, collisions and compressions at the junction of the plate and crustal activity, which are most prone to volcanoes and earthquakes.
17. Earthquakes and volcanoes in the world are mainly distributed in the Pacific Rim volcanic seismic belt and the Mediterranean-Himalayan volcanic seismic belt.
18, natural population growth is mainly determined by birth rate and death rate (natural population growth rate = birth rate-death rate).
19. The most densely populated areas in the world are mainly distributed in eastern and southern Asia, western Europe and eastern North and South America. The reason is that these areas are located in plains and basins with moderate and rainy climate in the middle and low latitudes, or in coastal areas.
20. Too fast or too slow population growth will bring serious problems: too slow population growth will cause labor shortage, population aging and other problems.
The rapid population growth has brought some problems, such as employment, housing, education and medical care.
2 1. The three major races in the world are yellow, white and black. Yellow people are distributed in: Indians and Inuit in East Asia, and North and South America are also yellow people. White people are distributed in Europe, North America, North Africa, West Asia, South Asia and Oceania. Black people are distributed in: central and southern Africa.
22. At present, the working languages determined by the United Nations are: Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish and Arabic. English is the most widely used one. Chinese is the most widely used language.
23. The three major religions in the world: Christianity is the religion with the largest number of followers and the widest spread in the world, mainly distributed in Europe, America and Oceania. Islam: mainly distributed in western and southeastern Asia and northern Africa. Buddhism: mainly distributed in eastern and southeastern Asia.
24. The main forms of settlements include: cities and villages. 25. Two elements of climate: temperature and precipitation.
26. The concept and difference between weather and climate: The changes of overcast, sunny, hot and cold in a short time are changeable and unstable.
Climate The average weather conditions in a certain place for many years. be relatively stable
27. In the northern hemisphere, the hottest month appears in July and the hottest month in Leng Yue appears in 65438+ 10. The highest temperature in a day appears at 2 pm (14 pm), and the lowest temperature appears around sunrise.
28. Distribution law of world temperature: It gradually decreases from low latitude area to high latitude area. Every time the altitude rises 100 meters, the temperature drops by 0.6℃.
33. Global precipitation distribution law: there is more precipitation near the equator and less precipitation in the polar regions; The precipitation on the west coast of the mainland in the mid-latitude area is more than that on the east coast and inland areas; There is little precipitation in the western or inland areas of the mainland where the Tropic of Cancer passes.
34. The main factors affecting climate are: the shape of the earth, the movement of the earth, the distribution of land and sea, topography, human activities, latitude position and ocean current.
35. The longest mountain range-the highest peak in the Andes-the largest plain of Mount Everest-the highest mountain range in the Congo Basin-the longest mountain range in the Himalayas-the highest plateau in cordilleras-the highest plateau in Brazil-the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
36. The area of the Red Sea is enlarged: it is located at the crack between the African plate and the Indian Ocean plate; The Mediterranean area is reduced: it is located at the collision and compression of the African plate and the Eurasian plate; There are many earthquakes in Taiwan Province Province and Japan: it is located at the collision and compression of the Pacific plate and the Eurasian plate; Himalayas: located at the collision and extrusion uplift of Asia-Europe plate and Indian Ocean plate; Andes: Located at the collision and extrusion uplift of the Antarctic plate and the American plate.
37, the world's main climate types:
Tropical Rainforest: Amazon Plain, Congo Basin and Malay Archipelago near the equator are hot and rainy all year round.
Tropical grassland: the climate is north and south latitude 10-20 degrees. The central and western parts of the mainland are distributed on both sides of the rainforest, and Africa is the most widely distributed. High temperature throughout the year, divided into dry season and rainy season.
Tropical desert: The Sahara desert in central and western Africa is most widely distributed in the continent of 20-30 degrees north and south latitude. It is hot and dry all year round.
Tropical monsoon: north latitude 10-30 degrees. The Indian Peninsula and Indo-China Peninsula in the east of the mainland have high temperature all year round, with dry season and rainy season.
Subtropical monsoon: 30-40 degrees north and south latitude. China, the United States and southeastern Brazil are hot and rainy in summer (rainy and hot at the same time), and the temperature is low in winter.
Mediterranean: 30-40 degrees north and south latitude. The Mediterranean area on the west coast of the mainland is hot and dry in summer and mild and rainy in winter.
Temperate monsoon: 40-60 degrees north and south latitude. Summer is hot and rainy, and winter is cold and dry.
Temperate continental: 40-60 degrees north and south latitude, inland of Eurasia and central North America, with large annual and daily temperature difference and little precipitation.
Temperate maritime: 40-60 degrees north and south latitude, the west coast of the mainland and western Europe are mild and humid all year round.