After the colorful and carefree childhood, the individual has crossed the foundation stage of life-childhood.

Childhood is beautiful in people's minds. It was a quite fresh and innocent period in people's lives, a period full of vitality and carefree. Mention childhood, people will think of gold, bright, warm and sparkling. People have a clear and systematic memory of their own life experiences since childhood. Generally speaking, people's memories of childhood are always warm and interesting, whether they spent it in a thatched cottage or in a marine building.

Childhood generally coincides with preschool, from 6 or 7 years old to 1 1, 12 years old. In countries that implement universal compulsory education, children begin school life from this period. Here, we take school children as the analysis object. Calling childhood the foundation period of life mainly refers to two aspects: childhood is a necessary foundation period for cultivating all kinds of talents in society and also a period for laying the foundation for a person's life development. Because of this, Mr. Cai Yuanpei spoke highly of the primary school teachers who contributed to childhood development. In his view, primary school teachers have greater responsibilities than principals.

(A) the age characteristics of childhood

The overall characteristics of childhood, from the perspective of development speed, this is a relatively stable period. Children's physical development is slow, and there is generally no sharp self-conflict psychologically. From the essence of development, children begin to master written language, which is the main tool to accumulate human culture. With the help of written language and schools, children began to learn the culture and knowledge created by human beings in a planned, step-by-step and systematic way, and began to know the outside world more purposefully. Their knowledge of the outside world is no longer satisfied with the scope of "surrounding environment". On the other hand, childhood is the starting point for children to undertake social obligations. Learning has become the main activity in children's life, and it needs others to evaluate and choose. It shows that the completion of this activity is the requirement of society and has certain compulsion. In addition, the range of children's communication in childhood has expanded. He belongs to different groups and plays different roles in different activities and situations. Based on the above three aspects, we regard childhood as the initial stage of children's socialization beyond the scope of family, and also the initial stage of children's self-awareness due to the diversity of roles, activities and evaluations by others.

This shows that in childhood, the physical development is not obvious. 12-year-old children have the same brain weight as adults. The height and weight have developed steadily year by year, and the overall physique has developed in the direction of strengthening. However, compared with the unfamiliar learning tasks that primary school students have to undertake, especially in the first grade of primary school, children's organs and their functional States are still relatively fragile. This puts forward the task of protecting children's health for education, and the development of childhood is mainly manifested in psychological aspects. Compared with children, children's cognition is not only rich in quantity, but also has qualitative changes. In terms of cognitive sources, it has gradually transitioned from spoken language and visual objects to written language without physical concepts. In the aspect of cognitive process, the cognitive process accompanied by scenes or representations gradually changes into the process of empirical induction. At the same time, learning in the unconscious and natural scenes gradually lost its dominant position, and it was replaced by conscious, targeted and teacher-directed learning in a special learning environment. All these make children's understanding of the world change from daily experience to scientific concept, from mastering individual and scattered knowledge one by one to mastering systematic knowledge. A sketch of the outside world gradually formed in the child's mind. Another important feature of cognition is that children's cognition of Tao and morality has made great progress. They gradually understand the moral norms of society, and evaluate others' behaviors and thoughts according to their actual effects or using such norms. And from their own evaluation of others and others' evaluation of themselves, they gradually turn to their own moral evaluation of their own behavior. However, in this respect, children's cognition and actual behavior are not completely consistent. Whether it is the cognition of external things or the cognition of moral norms, children are still perceptual and have not reached a highly abstract level. Generally speaking, their cognition is still at a relatively rough level.

Children's emotional experiences began to become complicated. This is closely related to the important position of collectives and various children's organizations in children's life, the richness and diversity of children's activities, the formation of various communication relationships with adults and children of different grades, the improvement of children's understanding ability and the expansion of knowledge. They can feel the complex emotions of others and have rich emotional communication with them. In other words, the factors that cause emotions are not limited to the satisfaction of personal physical or psychological needs. The experience and feelings of others, the plot in the book and the fate of the characters may arouse children's rich emotional activities. This is also a manifestation of children's socialization. In learning or other activities, children's emotions are mainly caused by whether the results are successful, whether the content or form and process of the activities are rich and interesting, whether he wants to take a role in the activities, and whether teachers and other students attach importance to his performance and give positive comments. If these aspects can stably arouse students' positive emotional reaction, then after a period of time, children may form a positive attitude towards study and even school life, and vice versa. Therefore, children's emotional life in school is a problem worthy of educators' attention. It is not difficult to understand children's emotions, because children can't hide their emotions yet. In addition, the child's mood can easily change with the situation. For children, there is no lasting sadness and unforgettable happiness. Only the feelings of fear, closeness, or worship for a specific object gradually formed in the communication with adults can be maintained more stably.

Children's will develops greatly in childhood, and the purpose, collectivity, persistence and complexity of learning activities require children to make will efforts to complete various forms of learning activities, from maintaining attention to finishing homework on time, from observing discipline to overcoming various obstacles encountered in learning. Childhood is the best time to cultivate children's willpower. Because children's willpower is still relatively weak, they need the active guidance and help of educators. If a child can't consciously and independently complete the tasks he can undertake when he graduates from primary school, it will be a disadvantage in future development.

Children are different from children. He can plan his own behavior according to the requirements of the activity, pay attention to his own behavior, reflect on his own behavior process and its consequences, pay attention to others' evaluations and attitudes towards him, and compare these evaluations to make his own recognized choices. Children will make different evaluations of their abilities in different aspects. All these enriched and integrated his self-awareness. This is the performance of the individual's overall self-awareness, but most of the self-awareness in this period is consistent with the evaluation of others, especially the authoritative adults in the eyes of children, and it is also consistent with the status of children in the group. Generally speaking, children who are small cadres in the collective have higher self-evaluation; Being regarded as "poor students" by teachers and classmates, others have low self-evaluation. This change from external evaluation to internal self-awareness is the only way in the process of self-awareness, and it is also a manifestation that the development level is still at a low stage. However, there are also

A noteworthy feature: no matter what kind of children, they have begun to conceive their future selves in their later childhood. They will think about this question: What do I want to be when I grow up? They regard an ideal professional image similar to facebook as their future role model. This means that children's self-awareness shows a signal of transformation to the "future" in tense. Babies have only a momentary feeling for themselves, and children's eyes and mentality are closely linked with their ongoing activities, while children's mentality consciousness is mainly concentrated today, but they have already expected and yearned for it. Although this yearning is simplified, short-lived and unstable, the future is no longer a blank in children's concept of time.

(2) Children's education

Childhood has not attracted the full attention of developmental psychologists because of its moderate development and no sharp conflict. But for educators, children's innocence in childhood, dependence on adults, peace of mind, plastic personality and strong absorption ability are the golden age for receiving education. No matter for the future of the country or the individual, there is no reason for people to ignore childhood education.

The core task of early childhood education is to help children learn to learn and love learning; Learn to live in a special social environment-school, love the school and the collective, and be the small masters of the school and the collective, in order to lay a solid foundation for future study and form a positive and fruitful attitude towards life. It is difficult to accurately predict the specific life trajectory of children in the future, but it is the minimum academic requirement to continue to learn and develop the basic knowledge and skills acquired in primary school. A positive attitude towards life can help people tide over many difficulties, and can give birth to courage, hope, strength and wisdom in life. If our education can cultivate this attitude from primary school, it will be the most valuable contribution to the development of each individual. But in real education, we often only remember the former and ignore the latter.

Therefore, primary education should not only enable students to acquire knowledge, but also develop a variety of abilities, cultivate good psychological quality, and make students develop physically and mentally healthily and solidly.

Although children are much stronger than young children, they are still weak compared with heavy and persistent learning tasks. Therefore, it is very important to care about children's physical and mental health and enhance their physique. This point should be paid special attention to in the first year of children entering primary school, so as not to make children feel afraid and tired of learning as soon as they enter school. The "All-for-All" experiment in China in recent ten years is an attempt to solve this common problem reasonably. Of course, the awareness and measures of caring for and protecting children's health and enhancing children's physique should run through the whole process of primary education and even school education at all levels. This task is particularly important in childhood, because children don't understand and realize that they need to protect their bodies and various organs, and the responsibility of adult educators in this regard is even more important. A young body may be strong and easily injured. In recent years, the increase of myopia rate and cardiovascular and nervous system diseases among primary school students in China is a problem that cannot be ignored. In the primary school stage, it is a positive protection for health to develop good work and rest habits and cleanliness.

In learning, in addition to the teaching content, the training of reading, writing, calculation and manual operation skills is of the most important significance to the future development of children's intelligence and learning ability. Among them, manual operation is often ignored. People who have the ability to invent and create are generally shown in their childhood. If the training of hands-on ability misses this period, the effect will be slower. In addition, the most difficult thing is the ability of students to master and use written language skillfully. In the process of learning, teachers should pay attention to cultivating students' learning autonomy. Including reasonable arrangement of study time, independent completion of homework, inspection and correction of homework mistakes, and efforts to overcome difficulties in learning. The development of students' self-confidence at this stage is closely related to whether they can overcome difficulties or not, and also to the parity of teachers. Therefore, in the process of guiding and helping students to learn, teachers' concern and encouragement for children's progress and independence is more important than anything else. Teachers should believe that students will succeed, and be good at making children gradually learn to use their own strength to succeed through various methods. Teachers should create a good learning psychological environment.

The key to the development of primary school students' moral quality is to match words with deeds, both inside and outside the school. The phenomenon of inconsistency between words and deeds exists not only because primary school students lack strong will, but also because the formation of habits or moral behaviors requires a certain amount and intensity of practical training, and sometimes it is related to the improper practice of educators. For example, it is obviously difficult for children to talk big words that have nothing to do with their real life.