The translation of "Bauhaus" is a transliteration of the proper noun Bauhaus in German, which did not exist in German originally. It was invented by Walter Gropius, the founder of Bauhaus (1883― 1969). He reversed the existing compound word Hausbau (building construction) in German, turning the basic word into a determiner and the determiner into. So the literal meaning of Bauhaus is nothing more than "building a house", but as a proper noun, it refers to the most famous German classical modernist art design school founded by Gropius in Weimar in 19 19, and its creation (architecture and technology) came into being in1933. Following 1996' s listing of Bauhaus buildings in Weimar and Dessau, in 2004, UNESCO listed more than 4,000 Bauhaus buildings in Tel Aviv, Israel. It is extremely rare for a modern architectural design school to go public twice.
1928 organized the international modern architecture association with le corbusier, 1929 to 1959 served as the vice president of the association. 1934, he left Germany to start a business in Britain. 1937 has lived in the United States, and served as professor and director of architecture department of Harvard University. 1952 has served as honorary professor, and participated in the establishment of school design and research institute. Gropius widely spread Bauhaus's educational viewpoint, teaching method and modernist architectural theory in the United States, and emphasized the application of accurate mathematical calculation in architecture, which promoted the development of modern architecture in the United States. He is also engaged in design practice in America. He co-founded Concord Architects in 1945 and developed into the largest architectural design firm in the United States. After World War II, his architectural theory and practice were highly praised by the architectural circles of various countries, and he also made important contributions to the construction of glass curtain walls. From 1950s to 1960s, he was awarded honorary awards, honorary membership titles and honorary degrees by architects' organizations, academic groups and universities in Britain, the Federal Republic of Germany, the United States, Brazil and Australia. Bauhaus Declaration Gropius firmly implements its own principles and is determined to combine art and technology, artists, architects and engineers to create novel, practical and beautiful daily necessities, industrial products and houses. In order to cultivate new design talents who can undertake this task, Bauhaus adopted the "factory apprenticeship system" in his teaching. Students must go through basic education for half a year after entering the school, and the content of study includes "basic modeling", "material research" or "factory principle and practice". After the completion of basic education, students can enter factories and studios for a three-year apprenticeship. Those who pass the exam can get the "mechanic certificate", and those who pass the exam can be promoted to the "Bauhaus Architectural Research Department". Only after the end of the study period can those who pass the exam get the Bauhaus Diploma.
The Bauhaus Declaration drafted by Gropius is an important document of modern design and the highest program of modern design education.
"Perfect architecture is the ultimate goal of visual arts. An artist's lofty duty is to beautify buildings. ..... Architects, painters and sculptors must re-recognize that architecture is an entity composed of various aesthetic feelings. Only in this way can his works inject the spirit of architecture and avoid becoming a sad' salon art'. "
"Architects, sculptors and painters, we should all turn to practical art."
"Art is no longer a specialized profession. There is no fundamental difference between artists and technologists. An artist is a craftsman who can do whatever he wants. The inspiration given by God turns his works into art. But technical proficiency is indispensable for every artist, and the source of real creativity and imagination is also based on this.
"Let's set up a new designer organization. There is absolutely no class concept in this organization that can set up barriers between technicians and artists. At the same time, let us work together to build a new future hall integrating architecture, sculpture and painting, and stand in the sky with the arms of millions of artists, making it a distinctive symbol of a new belief. " Representative experimental factory of Bauhaus school building: Gropius used the glass curtain wall fully in the experimental factory of Bauhaus school building he designed. This four-storey factory building, with all-glass curtain walls on three sides on the second, third and fourth floors, became the forerunner of adopting all-glass curtain walls in multi-storey and high-rise buildings later. Introducing a lot of light into the room is a major aspect of the modern functional concept advocated by the modernist architectural school at that time. Most of the traditional buildings in Europe are dark indoors, with little sunshine, while the houses designed by Gropius have large windows and balconies. In the general layout, in order to ensure sunshine lighting and ventilation, the traditional peripheral layout is abandoned and determinant layout is advocated. It is proposed that under the requirement of certain building density, the reasonable spacing should be determined according to the building height to ensure sufficient sunshine and green space between houses. These viewpoints were fully reflected in the residential areas of Siemens City designed by Gropius 1929 to 1930 and H. Salon and the residential areas of Aluminum City in Pittsburgh in the early 1940s.
Fagus factory and office building exhibited in Cologne 19 14: Both buildings are frame structures, and the external walls are separated from the columns, forming a large continuous light curtain wall. The curtain wall of Fagus Shoe Last Factory is composed of a large area of glass windows and a metal skirt wall below. The indoor light is sufficient, which narrows the difference with the outdoor. There are no corner columns in the four corners of the house, which gives full play to the cantilever performance of reinforced concrete floor. There is a round tower with all-glass curtain wall at both ends of the front of the exhibition office building. The spiral staircase inside and the people going up and down the stairs are exposed. These practices were widely used in later modern buildings, especially in public buildings, such as department stores and nursing homes. The above two buildings not only put forward new functions and showed new aesthetic viewpoints, but also showed that function and aesthetics are inseparable from modern materials and structural technology.
His emphasis on architectural function is also manifested in reasonable organization and layout according to the use, nature and relationship of space, and determining the minimum space according to human physiological requirements and human body scale. These views are fully reflected in the following buildings: the Bauhaus school building designed by him in cooperation with E.M. Frye in the UK, Impingden College in Cambridge (1936), the Harvard University Graduate Center designed by him in cooperation with Concord Architects (1949 ~ 1950), and the Lufthansa high-rise apartment in West Berlin (/).
Bauhaus architecture in Tedessau, Saxony-Anjar. Built in 1925- 1926, it was designed for the Bauhaus school and is Gropius's masterpiece. The school building covers an area of about 10000 square meters and is divided into three parts: 1, teaching building, 2, living room (including student dormitory, canteen, auditorium, kitchen, boiler room, etc. The dormitory has six floors and the other two floors), and the vocational schools attached to the third and fourth floors (connected with the teaching building by a street-facing building). The latter two parts are mixed structures. It's a five-minute walk from the school to the teachers' residential area. The design emphasizes practical functions, makes full use of modern building materials and structures, and is concise and transparent. It seeks the balance and flexibility of the whole composition with asymmetric modeling, and expresses serious geometric figures with very economical means. The establishment and development of Bauhaus coincided with the period when Germany was in dire need after the First World War. In order to help solve the housing problem of ordinary people, Bauhaus pays attention to the industrialization of small-area houses and buildings, and pays attention to the harmony between building units and groups, buildings and the environment. Bauhaus's design covers everything from houses to teapots and lamps. In the design of daily necessities, Bauhaus emphasized that designers should focus on industrial production and produce practical and beautiful articles for most people, rather than luxury goods for a few rich people. People influenced Gropius to actively advocate the unity of architectural design and technology, the combination of art and technology, and pay attention to function, technology and economic benefits. His architectural design pays attention to adequate lighting and ventilation, and advocates reasonable organization and layout according to the use, nature and relationship of space, and determines the minimum space according to human physiological requirements and human dimensions.
Gropius advocates the construction method of mechanized mass production of building components and prefabricated assembly. As early as when he was a teacher in Bauhaus school, he devoted himself to studying how to make furniture, utensils and other daily necessities and architectural design meet the requirements of industrial production, and thought that only in this way could large-scale construction be carried out and the cost be reduced. He also put forward a set of theories and methods about standardization of house design and prefabricated assembly. Gropius participated in the organization of the Modern Architecture Association, and spread the modernist architectural theory, which played a certain role in the development of modern architectural theory. The masterpiece is New Architecture and Bauhaus, which was completed on 1965.
Since the 1970s, new architectural schools and theories have emerged in the field of western architecture, and there has been a tendency to criticize the similarity and dullness of modernist architecture, which is believed to be caused by emphasizing function, technology and economic benefits while ignoring people's spiritual requirements. This criticism spread to Gropius. There are different opinions about Gropius's role in architectural theory and practice, but his contribution to modern architectural education, such as the establishment of Bauhaus School, is unanimously affirmed. Gropius participated in the organization of the Modern Architecture Association, and spread the modernist architectural theory, which played a certain role in the development of modern architectural theory.
Architectural theory and practice
Gropius actively advocates the unity of architectural design and technology, the combination of art and technology, and pays attention to function, technology and economic benefits.
These views were first reflected in the Fagus factory and office building exhibited in the 19 14 Cologne exhibition. Both buildings are frame structures, and the external walls and columns are separated to form a continuous large-scale light curtain wall. The curtain wall of Fagus Shoe Last Factory is composed of a large area of glass windows and a metal skirt wall below. The indoor light is sufficient, which narrows the difference with the outdoor. There are no corner columns in the four corners of the house, which gives full play to the cantilever performance of reinforced concrete floor. There is a round tower with all-glass curtain wall at both ends of the front of the exhibition office building. The spiral staircase inside and the people going up and down the stairs are exposed. These practices were widely used in later modern buildings, especially in public buildings, such as department stores and nursing homes. These two buildings not only put forward new functions and showed new aesthetic viewpoints, but also showed that functions and aesthetics are inseparable from modern materials and structural technologies.
The experimental factory of Bauhaus school building
Gropius used the glass curtain wall more fully in the experimental factory of Bauhaus school building he designed. This four-storey factory building, with all-glass curtain walls on three sides on the second, third and fourth floors, became the forerunner of adopting all-glass curtain walls in multi-storey and high-rise buildings later.
Introducing a lot of light into the room is a major aspect of the modern functional concept advocated by the modernist architectural school at that time. Most of the traditional buildings in Europe are dark indoors, with little sunshine, while the houses designed by Gropius have large windows and balconies. In the general layout, in order to ensure sunshine lighting and ventilation, the traditional peripheral layout is abandoned and determinant layout is advocated. It is proposed that under the requirement of certain building density, the reasonable spacing should be determined according to the building height to ensure sufficient sunshine and green space between houses. These viewpoints were fully reflected in the residential areas of Siemens City designed by Gropius 1929 to 1930 and H. Salon and the residential areas of Aluminum City in Pittsburgh in the early 1940s.
Siemens urban residential area in Germany
His emphasis on architectural function is also manifested in reasonable organization and layout according to the use, nature and relationship of space, and determining the minimum space according to human physiological requirements and human body scale. These views are fully reflected in the following buildings: the Bauhaus school building designed by him in cooperation with E.M. Frye in the UK, Impingden College in Cambridge (1936), the Harvard University Graduate Center designed by him in cooperation with Concord Architects (1949 ~ 1950), and the Lufthansa high-rise apartment in West Berlin (/).
Harvard university graduate center
Gropius advocates the construction method of mechanized mass production of building components and prefabricated assembly. As early as when he was a teacher in Bauhaus school, he devoted himself to studying how to make furniture, utensils and other daily necessities and architectural design meet the requirements of industrial production, and thought that only in this way could large-scale construction be carried out and the cost be reduced. He also put forward a set of theories and methods about standardization of house design and prefabricated assembly. In the early 1940s, he cooperated with K. Washman to develop large prefabricated components and prefabricated wallboard for assembly.
evaluate
Since the 1970s, new architectural schools and theories have emerged in the field of western architecture, and there has been a tendency to criticize the similarity and dullness of modernist architecture, which is believed to be caused by emphasizing function, technology and economic benefits while ignoring people's spiritual requirements. This criticism spread to Gropius. There are different opinions about Gropius's role in architectural theory and practice, but his contribution to modern architectural education, such as the establishment of Bauhaus School, is unanimously affirmed. Gropius participated in the organization of the Modern Architecture Association, and spread the modernist architectural theory, which played a certain role in the development of modern architectural theory.