Now let me introduce some famous stories of interesting people in mathematics.
1. Archimedes, an ancient Greek scholar, died at the hands of the Roman enemy who attacked Sicily. He was in the Lord before he died: "Don't break my circle". To commemorate him, people carved the figure of the ball carved on the cylinder on his tombstone to commemorate his discovery that the volume and surface area of the ball are two-thirds of that of the circumscribed cylinder.
Galois was born in a town not far from Paris. His father is the principal of this school and has served as the mayor for many years. The influence of family makes Galois always brave and fearless. 1823, 12-year-old galois left his parents to study in Paris. Not content with boring classroom indoctrination, he went to find the most difficult mathematics original research by himself. Some teachers also helped him a lot. Teachers' evaluation of him is "only suitable for working in the frontier field of mathematics".
3. The famous German scientist Gauss (1777 ~ 1855) was born in a poor family. Gauss learned to calculate by himself before he could speak. When he was three years old, he watched his father calculate his salary one night and corrected his father's calculation mistakes. When he grew up, he became the most outstanding astronomer and mathematician of our time. He made some contributions to physics electromagnetism, and now a unit of electromagnetism is named after him. Mathematicians call him "the prince of mathematics".
4./kloc-Rudolph, a German mathematician in the 6th century, spent his whole life calculating pi to 35 decimal places, which became Rudolph's number. After his death, someone else carved this number on his tombstone.
5. Swiss mathematician Jacob &; Middot Bernoulli studied the spiral (known as the thread of life) before his death. After his death, a logarithmic spiral was carved on the tombstone, and the inscription also read: "Although I have changed, I am the same as before." This is a pun, which not only describes the essence of spiral, but also symbolizes his love for mathematics.
Feng & middot, one of the most outstanding mathematicians in the 20th century, as we all know, Neumann invented the electronic computer in 1946, which greatly promoted the progress of science and technology and social life. Middot Neumann played a key role in the invention of electronic computers, and he was praised as "the father of computers" by westerners. 19 1 1 year-192 1 year, Feng &; Middot Neumann became famous when he was studying in Lucerne Middle School in Budapest, and was highly valued by teachers. Under Fichte's individual guidance, he co-published his first mathematical paper. At this time, Feng &; Middot Neumann is less than 18 years old.
The First Female Mathematician Recorded in History-Hipatia
Ancient Greece was the hometown of mathematics. The ancient Greeks spent a lot of effort and even life on the progress of mathematics and made outstanding contributions. This ancient civilization gave birth to many mathematicians, such as Thales, Pythagoras, Euclid, apollonius, Archimedes, Ptolemy, Helen and Diophantine. Hipatia & mdash& ampmdash; The first female mathematician in history was also born here.
Talented women in troubled times
In 47 BC, the Roman ruler Julius Caesar set fire to the Egyptian fleet anchored in Alexandria. The fire spread to the city and damaged the library. A large number of books and 500,000 manuscripts representing Greek civilization were set on fire. After the rise of _ _, out of ignorance, superstition and religious fanaticism, Christians rejected pagan knowledge, especially despised mathematics, astronomy and physics, and were not allowed to be "contaminated with Greek scholarship". In 325 AD, the Roman emperor Constantine took religion as the ruling tool and gradually brought mathematics, philosophy and education under the control of religion. Since then, the attempt of Christian Greek culture has become bolder and stronger. Some even said, "Mathematicians should be torn to pieces or buried alive." She was born in an era when science began to decline and darkness fell.
In 370 AD, Hipatia was born in an intellectual family in Alexandria. My father Theon Of Smyrna is a famous mathematician and astronomer. He teaches and studies in the famous Alexandria Museum, which is a place dedicated to teaching and discussing advanced knowledge. Some famous scholars and mathematicians often go to her house. Under their influence, Hipatia is full of interest and enthusiasm for mathematics. She began to learn mathematics from her parents.
Theon Of Smyrna also spared no effort to cultivate this extremely talented daughter. By the time she was about ten years old, she had mastered quite a lot of arithmetic and geometry. With this knowledge, she learned how to measure the height of the pyramid by its shadow length. This move was highly appreciated by her father and his good friends, which further enhanced her interest in mathematics. She began to read math books. /kloc-When she was 0/7 years old, she took part in a city-wide debate and pointedly pointed out Zhi Nuo's mistake: his reasoning contained an unrealistic assumption that he limited the time of the game.
This debate only made Hipatia famous. Almost everyone in Alexandria knows that she is an extraordinary woman, not only beautiful in appearance, but also intelligent and studious. Before the age of 20, she had read almost all the masterpieces of mathematicians at that time, including Euclid's Elements of Geometry, apollonius's theory of conic curve, Archimedes' theory of sphere and cylinder, and Diophantine's arithmetic. In order to further expand their knowledge, one day in 390 AD, Hipatia & arrived in the famous Greek city & mdash& ampmdash Athens. She further studied mathematics, history and philosophy in the college where Plutarch Jr. was the dean.
Her mastery of mathematics, especially her incisive views on Euclid geometry, greatly admired the scholars in Athens, and everyone regarded this girl in her early twenties as a great mathematician. Some handsome teenagers can't help admiring her, and her pursuers are endless. But Shipatiji thinks she wants to do great things and doesn't want love to enter her life prematurely. Therefore, she rejected all suitors. After that, she visited Italy again, met some local scholars and discussed relevant issues with them. He returned to his hometown around 395 AD. At this time, Hipatia was already a quite mature mathematician and philosopher.
2. The story of mathematician Chen Jingrun.
Chen Jingrun (1933.5~ 1996.3) is a modern mathematician in China. 1933 was born in Fuzhou, Fujian on May 22nd. 1953 graduated from the Mathematics Department of Xiamen University. Because of his improvement on the problem, Hua attached great importance to it, and he was transferred to the Institute of Mathematics of China Academy of Sciences. He was first an internship researcher and assistant researcher, then promoted to a researcher, and was elected as a member of the Department of Mathematical Physics of China Academy of Sciences.
Chen Jingrun is one of the world famous analytic number theorists. In the 1950s, he made important improvements on the existing results of Gauss circle lattice point problem, sphere lattice point problem, Tali problem and Waring problem. After 1960s, he made extensive and in-depth research on screening methods and related important issues.
1966, Chen Jingrun, who lives in a 6-square-meter hut, borrowed a dim kerosene lamp, leaned against the bed board and used a pen to consume several sacks of draft paper. He actually conquered (1+2) in the world-famous mathematical puzzle "Goldbach conjecture", creating a distance from taking off the crown jewel of number theory (1+66). He proved that "every big even number is the sum of the products of a prime number and no more than two prime numbers", which made him a world leader in Goldbach's conjecture research. This result is called "Chen Theorem" internationally and is widely quoted. This work also enabled him to win the first prize of China Natural Science Award with Wang Yuan and Pan Chengdong 1978.
His achievements in studying Goldbach conjecture and other number theory problems are still far ahead in the world. World-class Mathematical Master and American Scholar & middot Society (A? Weil) once praised him like this: "Every job in Chen Jingrun is like walking on the top of the Himalayas." 1978 and 1982, Chen Jingrun gave a 45-minute lecture at the invitation of the International Congress of Mathematicians. This is the pride and pride of China people. His achievements and honors have set up an immortal banner for thousands of intellectuals in Qian Qian, Qian Qian, reflecting the three mountains and five mountains and calling on hundreds of millions of young people to move forward. Chen has published more than 70 academic papers.
3. The story of mathematician Hua
Hua has been smart and studious since childhood. In junior high school, he showed a special talent in math class. One day, Mr. Wang Weike gave the class a math problem, which was a topic in Sun Tzu's Art of War: "There are unknowns at present, three counts leave two, five counts leave three, and seven counts leave two." What is the geometry of things? " When Mr. Wang was reading this question, he read slowly and his voice was cadenced. After reading the topic, Mr. Wang swept his eyes to the whole class, and his eyes were full of nervous and confused faces. Suddenly, a student stood up and said, "There are 23 items." This is a familiar voice that awakens students from thinking and doubts. Everyone looked at him with amazing eyes.
The first student to tell the answer is young Hua. When solving this problem, Hua thinks like this: starting from "the number of seven plus seven leaves two", that is, seven leaves two, then the multiple of seven plus two will be this number, so it is not necessary to assume that this number is 7&; Times; 3+2=23。 Divide 23:23 by 3, leaving 2; 23 is divided by 5, so 23 meets the requirements of the topic. It is precisely because Hua was diligent and eager to learn since he was a child that Teacher Wang Weike paid more attention to his intelligence. Mr. Wang was deeply impressed by Hua when he was at school.
At the age of 0/8, Mr. Wang Weike became the principal of Jintan County Middle School. President Wang cherishes talents and invites Hua to be an accountant and do daily work at school. Since then, Hua has become busier. Recalling the experience during this period, he said, "In addition to the heavy affairs at school, I have to help my mother manage the affairs of the small shop sooner or later. I can't go home until around 8 o'clock every night. After cleaning up the account of the small shop, you can go to learn math, often late at night. " In other words, even after busy business, Hua never forgot to study mathematics, so his mathematics level is constantly improving.
When Hua 19 years old, by chance, he borrowed a magazine named "Learning Arts" and published the article "The Solution of Algebraic quintic Equation" written by Professor Su Jiaju in the seventh volume of this magazine, which aroused China's strong interest. After reading and thinking, Hua found that there were fundamental mistakes in the article. So he asked President Wang, "Can you write an article criticizing the mistakes in Professor Su's article?"
Hua's question was positively answered by President Wang: "Of course, saints are also wrong, so what can't be criticized!" Dean Wang is the translator of Italian poet Dante's masterpiece Divine Comedy. His words gave China great encouragement. Therefore, Hua wrote an article with strict logic and sufficient argumentation, which was reviewed and revised by Dean Wang and sent to Shanghai Science magazine. The article was published in 1930. As soon as the article was published, it attracted the attention of many people at that time.
At that time, Professor Xiong Qinglai, head of the Department of Mathematics at Tsinghua University, saw this article. Moreover, I was even more shocked to learn that the author of this article was a junior high school boy in Jintan County with only a junior high school diploma. Seeing Hua's talent, he immediately wrote to Jintan Middle School and invited Hua to work in Tsinghua University.
After receiving the letter, Hua thought twice: on the one hand, he remembered that before this, President Wang had asked him to teach a cram school in Jintan county junior high school, and because someone complained that President Wang had appointed an unqualified teacher (how could a junior high school graduate be qualified to teach junior high school), President Wang had to resign as president, and he no longer taught; On the other hand, because of his poor family, he even had difficulty traveling to Beijing, so he wrote back and politely declined Professor Xiong's invitation. After Professor Xiong received Hua's reply, the thirsty Bole wrote to urge him. The letter said: If you don't come, I will visit you in Jintan myself.
Hua once again received a letter from Professor Xiong, from which he learned the sincerity and sincerity of his invitation. He felt that he had really failed Professor Xiong's kindness, so he had to borrow money from his father and was invited to Tsinghua. In Tsinghua University, Hua became a teaching assistant. The main responsibilities are to manage books in the Department of Mathematics, send and receive official documents, collect stationery and draw charts. So that he can use his spare time to read books and listen to lectures. Under the arrangement and guidance of Professor Xiong, Hua made rapid progress in his studies, studied hard and often taught himself late into the night. It took him only one and a half years to complete the college course and four months to teach himself English, which can reach the level of reading English mathematics literature. In addition, he also taught himself German, especially after listening to the postgraduate courses, his mathematics literacy has been greatly improved and he has made new achievements.
4. The story of ancient mathematician Zhang Heng
The main achievements in mathematics: the first exploration in the history of China & the theory of mathematical failure; pi； A valuable mathematician. Zhang Heng is a very famous litterateur in Han Dynasty in China. He is also known as the four masters of Han Fu with Sima Xiangru, Yang Xiong and Ban Gu. Zhang Heng's Erjing Fu, Si Xuan Fu and Gui Tian Fu are all literary masterpieces that have been circulated for thousands of years and are still appreciated by countless scholars.
Some people think that it is often difficult to attach equal importance to arts and sciences, so Zhang Heng may break their inherent impression. Zhang Heng not only showed extraordinary achievements in literature, but also made fruitful achievements in astronomy, geography and mathematics, and became a generation of mathematicians. Rolling has a wide range of interests since childhood. He taught himself five classics and was proficient in six arts. He also likes to study arithmetic, astronomy, geography and mechanical manufacturing. When he was young, his interests mainly focused on poetry, words and prose. He is on high, but he is not proud.
At the age of five or eight, Gauss discovered mathematical theorems.
The famous German scientist Gauss (1777 ~ 1855) was born in a poor family. He entered a rural primary school at the age of eight. The teacher who teaches mathematics is from the city. He feels that teaching a few little lynx in remote places is really overqualified. Moreover, he has some prejudices: children from poor families are born fools, and there is no need to teach these stupid children to study hard. If there is an opportunity, they should be punished to add some fun to this boring life.
This day is a depressing day for the math teacher. The students cringed when they saw the teacher's depressed face, knowing that the teacher was going to arrest these students again today and punish them. "You calculate for me today, from 1 plus 2 plus 3 to 100. Whoever can't figure it out will be punished for not going home for lunch. " The teacher said this, picked up a novel, sat in a chair and read it without saying a word.
The children in the classroom picked up the slate and began to calculate: "1 plus 2 equals 3, 3 plus 3 equals 6, and 6 plus 4 equals10&; "hellip& amphellip" Some children erase the slate after adding a number, and then add it, and the number is getting bigger and bigger, which is difficult to calculate. Some children's little faces turned red, and some children's palms and foreheads oozed sweat. Less than half an hour later, little Gauss picked up the slate and stepped forward. "Teacher, is this the answer?"
Without looking up, the teacher waved his thick hand and said, "Go, go back!"! Wrong. " He thought it impossible to have an answer so soon. But Gauss stood still and put the slate in front of the teacher: "Teacher! I think this answer is correct. "
The math teacher wanted to shout, but when he saw the number written on the slate: 5050, he was surprised because he calculated it himself and got the number of 5050. How did this 8-year-old child get this value so quickly?
Gauss explained a method he discovered, which was used by the ancient Greeks and China people to calculate the sequence1+2+3+&; Hellip+n method. Gauss's discovery made the teacher feel ashamed, and felt that his previous view of arrogance and contempt for poor children was wrong. He also taught seriously in the future, and often bought some math books from the city for his own study and lent them to Gauss. With his encouragement, Gauss later did some important research in mathematics.