Xia Qi broke the abdication system left over from the previous generation and established the first slave country in the history of China.
Slavery went through Xia, Shang, Western Zhou and Spring and Autumn, about 1600 years.
In order to meet the needs of slave owners and nobles to monopolize political power and train their children to become ruling talents, educational institutions were established and a school system was formed.
This system can be summarized as a formula, the integration of politics and religion, and the distinction between government and learning.
The school education system, which lasted for three generations, is developing, while the school education system in the Western Zhou Dynasty is relatively perfect, divided into primary schools and universities, with the connection between rural studies and Chinese studies. Its educational feature is six arts education, which reflects the achievements of cultural development at that time.
The education system of the Western Zhou Dynasty can be regarded as a typical example of three generations of education.
During the Spring and Autumn Period of the disintegration of slavery, official schools declined and private schools rose, resulting in hundred schools of thought, and pioneers of Legalism, Taoism and Confucianism appeared one after another to publicize their own opinions.
Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, advocated improvement politically and tried to transform society with the power of education.
He put forward a series of educational thoughts, formed an educational ideology system, laid the foundation of China's ancient educational theory, spread for more than 2,000 years, became the mainstream of China's educational tradition, and was also a valuable educational heritage in the world.
Due to the development of social production and the formation of private property, class differentiation appeared, and primitive society began to disintegrate and gradually transitioned to slave society.
In the Xia Dynasty, they finally entered the slave society.
In the slave society, the slave owner class occupies the social material means of production, occupies a dominant position in politics, and becomes a worker divorced from productive labor.
In order to train young people into powerful rulers, slave owners need to organize special education and training. Education has gradually become an independent social activity, and school education is the main form.
On the basis of social class division and the separation of mental and physical labor, the slave-owning class broke away from productive labor and monopolized school education with the main content of imparting cultural knowledge.
The ruled slave class can only receive productive labor education and the social education of the rulers.
Educational differentiation is the necessity of historical development and social progress.
The period from 2 1 century BC to 476 BC is the period of slavery society in China, and its development can be divided into four stages. Xia Dynasty, from 2070 to 1600, the first slave country experienced more than 470 years, which was the initial stage of slavery. Shang Dynasty, from 1600 to 1046, lasted about 554 years, which was the Western Zhou Dynasty, and from 1046 to 77 1, about 276 years was the heyday of slavery. During the Spring and Autumn Period, from 770 BC to 476 BC, nearly 300 years, slavery went to collapse.
The education in slave society essentially serves the politics and economy of slavery and meets its needs.
Therefore, the development and change of slave social education has gone through four stages accordingly, showing the characteristics of different stages.
According to historical legends, the tribal leaders in Xia Dynasty paved the way for abolishing the abdication system and implementing the hereditary system.
His son Xia Qi came to power, established an army and a city, plundered abroad, and began to suppress civilians and slaves at home, thus forming the first slave country in the history of China.
Xia directly ruled the areas on both sides of the Yellow River, mainly Ilo. The Xia regime covered all the tribes participating in the alliance, from the south of the Great Wall in the north, to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the south, to the coast in the east, and to the middle and lower reaches of the Weihe River in central Shaanxi in the west. It was the largest country at that time.
Under the mining field system of slave society, agriculture developed to artificial irrigation to plant 100 grains, and handicraft industry also developed to produce various patterns of pottery and bronzes, which showed that production had reached a certain level.
On this economic basis, the rulers established a national administrative organization centered on the king, thus maintaining the rule of slave owners.
Because of the need to expand the scope of communication economically and implement government decrees politically, it has brought new development to the writing.
Historical relics of Xia Dynasty were unearthed in Shandong, and four gray pottery pots unearthed in Lingyang River of Juxian County were engraved with images, two with tool hieroglyphs and two with tool hieroglyphs.
According to the analysis of linguists, these two words are related. The upper part of the last word looks like the sun, the middle is like a cloud, and the lower part looks like a mountain with five peaks, meaning mountains and clouds. Chao Dan Ming in the early sun is an original word "Dan", I know.
This indicates that there is already a repeated writing consisting of three characters.
It can be seen that the characters of Xia Dynasty developed quite rapidly.
Xia Dynasty has entered a civilized era with written records.
The materials quoted in the pre-Qin classics Zuo Zhuan, Guoyu and other books, recorded in the Seventeen Years of Zuo Zhuan, "Therefore, it is said that Chen does not get together, drumming with Lu Fuchi.
This is the first record of the solar eclipse, indicating that there are books of the Xia Dynasty.
Li Yun said that he would go to the State of Qi to inspect the history, and he got it. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, we can see that the book Shi Xia is about the astronomical calendar of the Xia Dynasty, which once again proves that the Xia Dynasty has written records.
Writing is an important symbol of civilized society, which can record human thought activities, accumulate knowledge and experience, break through the limitations of time and space, and pass on knowledge to the next generation.
Writing is an important means of education, which promotes the qualitative change of education.
It is the intellectuals in the nobility who master the writing, and only a few aristocratic children receive education through the writing.
Education is a national event, and Si Tuleideng was one of the administrative officers in the state organs of Qing VI, who was in charge of education.
There are some records about the founding of the Xia Dynasty in ancient books.
"The Book of Rites": "Preface, Xia Houshi preface also.
Wang Zhi: "Xia Houshi's rural upbringing is older than the eastern order, and its social upbringing is older than the western order.
School Department of Ancient and Modern Books Integration: "There are universities in the east and primary schools in the west of Xia Houshi.
These ancient books all mention that there was a school called Xu in the Xia Dynasty.
The ancients have explored its essence.
Mencius on Teng Wengong: "Order, shoot also.
"Preface" was originally a place to teach "shooting", and later it developed into all public activities of slave owners and nobles, such as discussing politics, offering sacrifices and supporting the elderly, and it was also a place for slave owners and nobles to educate their children.
Therefore, education is not an independent and pure educational institution, but only one of its important functions.
It is said that there are schools not only in every country, but also locally.
Mencius went to school in Teng Wengong and Yu Xia, where he studied and taught.
Shuowen: "From school, tree, a conversation.
"The original meaning is a wooden prison, that is, a fence made of wood as a place to raise horses.
Later, this spacious place was used for military training and became a place to practice martial arts.
"School" is a rural school. In Historical Records Biography of the Scholars, Gong said: "There is education in the countryside, but school.
Song Zhuxi irrigated Mencius and pointed out that "school" is a rural school.
The purpose and content of school education in Xia Dynasty were directly related to the nature of Xia regime.
In order to consolidate and expand the rule of slavery, nobles must suppress the resistance of tribal slaves and conquer other tribes at the same time.
Therefore, the army played a decisive role.
Xia Dynasty was a military regime, in fact, it was a "military" dictatorship.
In order to meet this political need, the purpose of education is to train members of this class and their descendants into warriors who can fight.
In terms of educational content, the rulers attach importance to military training.
At that time, bows and arrows were important weapons and the highlight of coaches. Therefore, the general literature test in the school exam says, "Xia Houshi is an archer.
"Practicing shooting is the focus of military education.
In addition, there are coaches using other weapons.
Bronze Ge, cymbals and knives were found at Erlixia cultural site in Yanshi, Henan Province.
The use of these bronze weapons was also the content of the coach at that time.
Another important aspect of educational content is religious education.
"Book of Rites" said: "Xia Dao respects life, and ghosts respect God and stay away.
"Religious education is mainly about respecting the Buddha.
Moral education is also an important part of school education.
According to Mencius on Teng Wengong, ancient schools undertook the same task and were pointed out that "everyone is excellent".
Zhu Yue said, "Father and son are close, monarch and minister are righteous, husband and wife are different, old and young are orderly, and friends are trustworthy.
This man is a great LUN Ye.
Xiamen sequence school, just make this clear.
"
In short, in the early days of slave society, the state regarded education as one of the important tasks of administrative management, and Si Tuleideng was responsible for the management of enlightenment.
Educational institutions and political and administrative organs are combined into one, and there are both ethnic schools and local schools, and the level has begun to rise.
Education serves politics, the purpose of education is to train slave owners and noble soldiers, and the content of education attaches importance to military training.
Two. Shang dynasty education
Shang Dynasty was a slave country that ruled the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River 1600 years ago.
The history of Shang has been recorded in writing, and there are still many unearthed cultural relics for study.
A large number of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and bronzes dating back more than 3,000 years were unearthed at the site of Wangduyin in the later period (now Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan).
These cultural relics reflect the political activities and social life at that time, and fully show that Shang Dynasty was a civilized slave country.
As the general representative of slave owners, the king nominally owns all the land and slaves.
He divided land and slaves into slave owners and nobles, such as Houdian Bangbo (local governor) and Liao Baiyinshu (officials and administrators).
Slaves come from prisoners of war and are considered to be cheaper property than cattle and horses, and forced labor is carried out.
Agriculture is the most important production sector, and a large number of slaves are engaged in farming.
Handicraft industry has also further developed, including weaving hemp, pottery, copper and other handicrafts.
Simuwu cauldron weighs 875 kilograms, which is a symbol of the development of copper manufacturing technology.
With the development of agriculture and handicrafts, exchange activities have also developed.
Under the rule of Shang king, the slave owners and nobles formed the state management organization, organized the army, formulated the criminal law and exercised violent rule over the people.
Shang slave owners and nobles all formed a strong religious consciousness.
"Book of Rites" "Yin people respect God and attract folk gods, and treat them with ghosts first.
"Worship ghosts and gods, in order to avoid disaster.
They worship their ancestors extremely, believing that ancestors are supreme beings, dominating the fate of nature and human beings, and protecting future generations in the sky.
At that time, people, big or small, had to divine and pray for God's will.
The clergy related to ghosts and gods are called "witches", which are further divided into full-time personnel such as various sects, sects, diviners and teachers.
They have mastered certain knowledge and technology in politics, history, astronomy, calendar and medicine. According to their needs. Historians are responsible for formulating policy orders, recording state affairs, and managing policies and decrees. They were literate at that time.
These majors are all related to religion, and worshipping ghosts and gods has become the characteristic of business culture and thought.
(1) The Shang Dynasty had mature writing as an educational tool.
With the development of economy and the complexity of social and political life, the characters of Shang Dynasty are also developing, basically reaching a mature stage.
According to more than 160000 pieces of Oracle bone inscriptions unearthed in Anyang, Oracle bone inscriptions 160000 words, according to the compilation statistics of Oracle bone inscriptions published in 1965, the number of words used reached 4672 words.
The recognized characters are changed into 1072 characters according to the proficient Ancient Chinese Characters Compilation.
There are also Wen Tao on pottery, inscriptions on bronzes and jade inscriptions in Shang dynasty.
The principles of pictographic characters, knowing characters, referring characters, pictophonetic characters and phonological characters have been established and widely used. This is a sign that the development of writing has reached maturity.
The tools for writing are a paper cutter and a writing brush. Oracle Bone Inscriptions has the shape of "",and the pen in his hand is the word "pen".
On some Oracle bones and pottery, you can see Zhu Mo's handwriting with a brush.
There are mature characters and suitable writing tools, which are convenient for writing systematic articles.
Vocabulary is used to describe social, political and economic activities, and a large number of words have appeared in ancient books.
"Shangshu Tushi" "only Yin ancestors, according to the code.
The original word of "book" is a hieroglyph of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and bamboo pieces strung together with a rope.
This proves that there were written books in Shang Dynasty.
Words are tools of education, and classics are important materials of education.
(B) School of Business Studies
Oracle Bone Inscriptions is mostly related to education, so we can learn about the school education at that time.
In order to maintain their dominance, the nobles attached importance to the education of the younger generation and sent their children to school for education.
"Yanziyu, Fufu, Jiujiu Primary School?" Oracle Bone Inscriptions. It means: perform divination on Renzi Day and ask the Prince of God if he can drink alcohol to worship his ancestors in order to enter school for happiness. This shows that the nobles attach great importance to educating the next generation. As soon as they enter school, they will divine and offer wine to worship their ancestors.
In some places, the children of nobles receive centralized education.
This special place is a certain distance from residential areas.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions said that "Bing Zi Bu, Zhen Zi, Duo ()" is a transitional split word, which is synonymous with "Qu".
Or call it, delay also.
Doesn't "uninterrupted" (learning to publish (in turn, under the guise of "going back") mean heavy rain? Bingzi performed divination on Sunday and sincerely prayed for God, which meant that the child was caught in heavy rain when he went to school. Worried that the heavy rain will affect the children's going home, this shows that there is a certain distance between the school and the residential area.
Due to the relatively perfect educational facilities in Shang dynasty, neighboring vassal States also sent their children abroad to study.
An Oracle Bone Inscriptions said, "Ding You, have you warned him with the teachings of many children?" . In other words, it refers to neighboring countries, which means that neighboring countries send their children to study in Yin.
There are also records of school names in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, such as "University" and "Temple".
According to the Oracle bone inscriptions in the 60th issue of Xiaotun Nandi, "What a pity? Wang Weiwei? Okay？ Zudante? In the lobby? In college? " According to the inspection issued by experts, it refers to the ancestral capture ceremony.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions said, first ask if you want to hold this ceremony, then ask whether the best day to hold the ceremony is deck day or one day, and finally ask where to hold the ceremony.
The places listed are Zuding altar, ancestral temple atrium altar and university.
This account proves that the Shang Dynasty did set up a university, which was also one of the places of worship.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions's research confirmed that the records of business school in ancient books were reliable.
"Book of Rites": "Yin people regard right school as a university, left school as a primary school, and enjoy and bend the Sect.
"Book of Rites": "Yin people support the country older than right school and support the elderly in left school.
"Zheng Xuan's note:" Right school, university, western suburbs; It's in the east of Zuoxue, Primary School and National Palace.
"According to these records, there are universities, primary schools and Quzong.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions confirmed that compared with primary schools, there are both universities and primary schools.
You Xue and Qu Zong, both universities, are actually different names of the same institution.
The ancients were in the west right, the Yin people were still in the west right, and the university was in the western suburbs, also known as the right school.
Quzong is the name of Shang University.
At that time, universities attached great importance to music teaching, and music teachers were musicians.
Musicians worship teachers as their ancestors at school, and universities have become musicians' ancestral temples, so they are called Quzong.
Quzong was then a school for aristocratic children to learn etiquette and music.
Because there were universities and primary schools in Shang Dynasty, different educational requirements were put forward according to age, which shows that the educational stages were actually divided.
In Shang Dynasty, there were not only primary schools and secondary schools in Wang Du, but also local schools.
On Mencius Teng Wengong and Aftersound Xu, Zhu notes: "The preface is based on learning to shoot, and it is also a hometown study.
"Hanshu Yiwenzhi": "Yao.
"East" is the inheritance of the names of educational institutions in Yu Shun period. Use old-age activities to achieve the purpose of ideological and moral education for the younger generation. "Old people have filial piety, small ones have strengths, and people have mourning."
"This can promote the education of filial piety.
Preface is the inheritance of the name of Xia educational institutions. The preface takes the practice of shooting as the meaning, and retains the content of military physical training. Slave owners and nobles attached great importance to military affairs, and the "preface" was no longer just a shooting place.
In order to consolidate the rule, rulers emphasize ideological and moral cultivation, and the education of rites and music has also become its basic content.
(C) Shang education content
Schools in Shang Dynasty were managed by the state, and receiving education was the privilege of the slave owners, aiming at cultivating future rulers who respected gods, respected filial piety and were brave and good at fighting.
Schools in Shang Dynasty carried out all kinds of education and training, among which ideological and political education and military training were the two most important aspects.
1. Ideological and political education
In order to strengthen their rule, the slave owners and nobles strongly advocated religious superstitions and regarded their ancestors as supreme gods. Respecting God and filial piety are actually the same thing.
"Filial piety" has become the most emphasized basic moral standard of slave owners and nobles. Only by observing filial piety can we inherit the throne, and those who do not observe filial piety will be subject to political sanctions.
According to "Merchants", Tai Jia's failure to observe mourning is considered as a violation of filial piety. The nobles banished him to Wu Tong to reflect. After he repented, he pulled him back into politics.
In the future, Yin said "filial piety first" to him, observing all the instructions of his ancestors and not forgetting their kindness, which is filial piety.
"Filial piety" is a social moral standard and the central content of ideological education, and the words "filial piety" to "teaching" are all reflected in the text.
The word "foot" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions is mostly "Xiao" in the left half and "Zi Qu Fu" in the right half, symbolizing holding a wooden stick.
The content and method of education can be imagined from the word "teaching". At that time, it was under the threat of corporal punishment with sticks to teach a new generation of "filial piety".
Kong Qiu once said: "Filial piety is the foundation of virtue, and it is also born of teaching.
"This also summarizes the educational reality of Shang Dynasty.
Filial piety is the central content of ideological education, which is an important feature of slave owner education.
It is necessary for the future rulers to learn from the ruling experience. The basic way is to learn the classics of the former king, understand his achievements and inherit his political experience, so as to strengthen inheritance and consolidate the sense of rule.
Belonging to such a classic is Shangshu Pan Geng.
It records the historical events of Pan Geng's migration to Yin.
Shang Wang preached to the ministers and the people respectively. The first is to tell ministers to make political persuasion repeatedly. The second one is for everyone, which is a serious threat; The third article is a message to ministers after moving to Yin, urging them not to miss their old capital.
By studying these classics, the new generation can know specifically how to adopt different policies and means for all classes.
2. Military education
The slave-owning class maintained its rule through military force.
In order to eliminate the invasion of foreign countries, the Shang king constantly sent troops to foreign countries to expand his territory and plunder property and slaves.
Wars are common, sometimes the scale of fighting is as high as 30 thousand, and the mobilization is very wide.
Slave owners and nobles must become leaders and soldiers of all sizes and have the ability to fight, which requires certain military training.
At that time, chariots were the backbone of vehicle wars.
Jian Zheng wrote in the poem "Truffle Palace": "The method of ancient chariots was that the people on the left held bows, the people on the right held guns, and the people in the middle held guns.
"Noble members can be chariots.
There are many weapons used in chariots, but bows and arrows are the main weapons. Archery is an important part of military coaches.
Tanks are horse-drawn, and soldiers must learn to manipulate horses and chariots.
The school has educational activities about archery, and sometimes competitions and exercises are held to verify the coach's effect.
3. Ritual and Music Education
Yin people believe in ghosts and gods and often hold sacrificial activities. Such activities need corresponding etiquette and music.
Young aristocrats can only participate in such activities after receiving education in rites and music.
In the education of rites and music, music education is particularly important, and "music makes scholars" is the characteristic of Yin education.
Ode to the Poet and Merchant: "There is a drum, and there is a bureau in the dance. I am a guest, not an outsider.
This is a hymn dedicated to the hot springs, depicting the main scenes of the ceremony. It is mentioned that the bell of Yong is ringing and the dance of Wan is dancing.
Music teaching covers a wide range, including singing, poetry, playing music and dancing.
The requirements of military education also permeate music education. Oracle Bone Inscriptions quoted earlier is "Do many ministers teach Ding Youshi to remonstrate?" . According to experts, the word "quit" is like a person picking up a sacred object, which has two meanings: holding the sacred object to guard and dancing with it.
Teaching "Jie" at school, maybe both martial arts and music.
4. Quantitative education
The use of words and literacy in social life is the requirement of education.
Moreover, reading and writing are combined, and writing needs long-term practice. This is an educational method.
There are many trainee bone fragments in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Practice with simple and commonly used Chinese zodiac characters.
Learning to write should go through the process of demonstration, demonstration and practice.
There is an Oracle bone tablet with five elements on it, and ten pieces have been carved repeatedly from Jiazi to Gui You. After careful comparison, it is found that one line is beautifully carved, the other four lines are crooked, and there are two or three neat words in the middle, which is quite uncoordinated.
Guo Moruo analyzed that the beautiful lines were carved by the teacher, and the other four lines were students' exercises. Some of the neat words may have been carved by the teacher himself.
This is the actual material evidence of teaching in Shang Dynasty, which reflects the learning situation of Chinese courses at that time.
Mathematics in Shang Dynasty progressed with the development of productive forces.
The improvement of astronomical calendar puts forward new requirements for the development of mathematics.
The Shang Dynasty has adopted the decimal system in mathematics. There are numbers 1 to 10, 100, 1000, 10000 in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and the largest number is 30000, which shows that the concept of quantity in Shang Dynasty is relatively perfect.
Quantitative calculation is one of the contents of school education, which aims to help aristocratic children adapt to the needs of calculation in all aspects of life.
In short, in the Shang dynasty, which was in the stage of slavery development, aristocratic education also developed.
The excavation of Oracle bones in Yin Ruins proves that the characters of Shang Dynasty have matured and become an effective educational tool.
Dividing education stages according to age is the basis of establishing educational organizations at different levels, and various educational contents have already taken the form of "six arts education".
The education of Shang Dynasty is an important historical heritage, and the Western Zhou Dynasty has further developed on the basis of this history.
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