In the 12th year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1886), Xixi private school (in today's Chashi Street), founded by scholar Zhu, had more than 20 students, and reached more than 40 at its peak. Generally, there is only one teacher, and the big village school is uncertain. After the students leave school, the teachers will give them individual guidance. Children first know "square characters" (regular script characters written on more than one inch of square paper), and then teach them to read three-character classics, hundreds of surnames and thousands of characters after knowing about one thousand words. There are also those who directly teach reading the "Four Books". Most of the teaching methods are to teach students to read and recite, and then the teacher will explain them sentence by sentence at an appropriate time. In addition to reading and reciting, there is also a calligraphy class, starting with the teacher's armrest embellishment, then painting it red, then writing and copying it, and then pasting it. After students roughly understand the meaning of words, teach them opposition and prepare to write poems. After reading the "Four Books", I read the "Five Classics", and I also read ancient prose, such as Donglai Boyi and China Ancient Literature Review, and began to learn composition. Because the imperial examination is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, learning books also attaches great importance to the writing of subjects (eight-part essay) to prepare for the imperial examination. The school rules are extremely strict, the punishment is severe, and corporal punishment is common. [Edit this paragraph] Educational methods and teaching tools used by modern private schools
Private school is a private teaching place in ancient China. It has played an important role in spreading the culture of the motherland, promoting the development of education, cultivating enlightening children and letting children learn to understand.
Students in private schools began to receive enlightenment education at the age of six. Students don't have to pass the entrance examination. Generally, you only need to get Mr. Kong's consent, stand in front of Kong's tablet or icon, kowtow or bow to Mr. Kong and Mr. Kong, and you can get the qualification to enter the park. Private schools are generally smaller, with more than 20 students and fewer students. Private schools have no uniform requirements and regulations on students' school age, learning content and teaching level.
As far as the textbooks for private schools are concerned, there are "three hundred, one hundred, one thousand, one thousand" ancient textbooks, that is, three-character classics, hundreds of surnames, thousand-character poems, daughters' classics, teaching children's classics and instructions for children's education, and so on. Students further read the Four Books and Five Classics and China's view of ancient literature. Its teaching content is mainly literacy and calligraphy, and it also attaches great importance to learning poetry and writing correctly.
Generally speaking, the teaching time in private schools can be divided into "short study" and "long study" because people can master it flexibly according to the time. Short-term teaching is called "short-term learning" and usually lasts for one to three months. Parents don't have high requirements for this kind of private school, but only ask students to know some words, keep accounts and write couplets in the future. "Long School" opens in the first half of the first lunar month every year, and it doesn't open until the winter month. Its "long" means that the teachers in private schools are famous and have long teaching experience. Second, students study for a long time and have a lot of content.
As for the teaching principles and methods of private schools, in the education stage, we attach great importance to the upbringing and education of children and emphasize that children should develop good moral quality and living habits. For example, there are strict and specific rules on the behavior and etiquette of Mongolian children, such as dressing, crossing hands, bowing, walking, audio-visual and so on, which is the tradition of education in China. In teaching methods, Mr. Wang completely adopts injection method. During the lecture, Mr. Wang sat in an extremely dangerous place. The students put the books on Mr. Wang's desk in turn, and then stood aside and listened to Mr. Wang humming in circles. After the lecture, they ordered the students to repeat. Then the students went back to their seats and read aloud. Students must recite all the books that Teacher Fan asks to read aloud. In addition, corporal punishment is prevalent in private schools. When encountering careless or naughty students, Mr. Wang often grabs students' faces and ears and slaps students' palms. [Edit this paragraph] Historical changes Private schools are short for private schools. In ancient times, the words "private" and "learning" were rarely used directly. It was not until modern times that private schools became a common vocabulary in society to show the difference from government-run or public new schools. The ancients called private schools calligraphy, teaching management, calligraphy, Shu Shu, Shu Xiang, Jia Shu and so on. These words all have a touch of elegance or affection. Private schools have both children and adults. According to the level of teaching, people divide private schools into Mongolian library and Confucian classics library. The students of Mongolian Museum are composed of children, mainly literate; The students are mainly adults, and most of them are busy with their careers. According to the setting of private schools, private schools were divided into Yi studies, clan studies, family schools and self-built libraries in the late Qing Dynasty. Yi Shu has the nature of free education, targeting children from poor families. Clan schools rely on the support of clan property and belong to the clan internal school. Family schools are often located in ancestral halls and do not recruit children with foreign surnames. Rich families hire famous teachers to stay in Confucianism and tutor their children. This kind of private school is called home school. Self-run libraries are private schools, and teachers set up their own libraries to recruit students, regardless of surnames. In the past, most private schools were educated, and most of them had their own libraries. The educational level of teachers varies greatly. Among them, there are cultural celebrities such as Pu Songling and Zheng Banqiao, and there are also many pedants who are proficient in calligraphy.
As an inherent form of private education in China, private schools have a long history. It is generally believed that Confucius' private school in Qufu, his hometown, was a private school, and Confucius was the first famous teacher.
Tracing back to the source, private schools developed from earlier schools. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, Shu was only a form of rural research. Tracing back to the education system of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Xueji said: "The ancient teachers had a school, the party had a skill, and the officials had a skill." At that time, learning was in the government, and the official and the teacher were integrated. The host of the school is a retired old official who is responsible for promoting enlightenment in the local area.
The earliest record about this school is not from Shangshu, but from Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty. According to Mr Qiu Xigui's textual research, there are many references to Shu in Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed in Yin Ruins. Shu created "Who" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and the upper and lower structure is next to the two words. But the school of Shang Dynasty was not a place to educate children, but a palace beside the palace gate. How did the name of Shu come from? Gu Zhen Fu, a A Qing dynasty man, explained, "When I go outside, I should be more familiar with what I want to do. Shu's word is also familiar, and it is Shu Ben's name. " (Li Jingza Handicraft A)
In the pre-Qin period, Confucius was only one of the philosophers, and Confucianism was not used as a tool for governing the country. With the change of social situation, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion and implemented the cultural and educational policy of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone". Confucianism was regarded as a statue by feudal emperors and became an important social ruling resource. Although private schools, whose mission is to spread Confucian culture, lasted for a long time after the war, they have since gained a firm foothold in society. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the appearance of imperial examination system promoted the development of private schools. At that time, the imperial examination was mainly around the Confucian classic "Five Classics". The focus of imperial examinations in Ming and Qing dynasties was inclined to "Four Books", which also belonged to Confucian classics. In addition, Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties attached importance to the ethical education of children, and formulated village regulations and social education activities. The rise of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties promoted the prosperity of clan school. Emperors of past dynasties regarded educating children as their parents' own responsibility, and only slightly advocated and guided Mongolian learning. The government never interferes with the running of private schools and allows them to develop freely among the people.
The inheritance of China's traditional culture has never been interrupted, and it has long played the role of a cultural power. The political and economic basis of private school education rarely changed in ancient times, and many factors determined that the appearance of running schools in ancient times did not change much. Three-character Classic, Hundred Family Names and Thousand-character Text were written in different dynasties (Southern Song Dynasty, Five Dynasties and Southern Dynasties). They gradually gained social recognition in the process of communication and became the most common children's literacy books in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The Analects of Confucius and Mencius are classic reading materials, and at this time they have become a part of Mongolian teaching materials. Private schools have always implemented individualized teaching, and teachers arrange courses according to different people's learning foundation and acceptance ability, which embodies the principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. Private schools have particularly high requirements for students' endorsement, and reading is their main activity. In the Qing Dynasty, Hangzhou's famous book, Wen Zong, required students to "read the textbook every day and read it aloud for a hundred times."
In ancient times, private schools contributed to the inheritance of culture and the cultivation of talents, and adapted to the needs of ancient society. But in modern times, there was a gap between private schools and the requirements of social development, so private schools were questioned by society. Advocates of new education accuse private schools of not offering arithmetic, history, geography and geography, and their knowledge coverage is too narrow; Teaching materials remain unchanged for a long time, and the problem of knowledge aging is serious. Obviously, if China wants to get rid of the passive situation, it must develop modern new education.
190 1 year, the Qing court sent a letter to encourage local schools to promote learning. 1903, the "Guimao Academic System" was promulgated and implemented. 1905, the imperial examination system was abolished to make way for the development of learning. The development of education is inseparable from the economic foundation. China's modern industry and commerce are very immature, and the small-scale peasant economy is unable to provide sufficient funds for popularizing modern primary education. Economic backwardness restricts the development of modern primary schools. Before the founding of New China, the primary school enrollment rate of children was about 20%. On the other hand, there are a large number of private schools in society. Considering the problems of private schools and primary schools together, some people find that the transformation of private schools can be used as the growing point of developing modern primary education. During the period of 1906, the Ministry of Education forwarded the Charter of Private School Reform provided by Jiangsu gentry to all provinces to support the Private School Reform Association. 19 10 The Ministry of Education promulgated the Regulations on Improving Private Schools, encouraging and persuading schools to improve private schools, adjusting courses, textbooks and teaching methods, and urging private schools to move closer to modern primary schools. In the first half of the 20th century, influenced by the change of government, the activities of improving modern private schools were intermittent. Nationwide, the promotion of private schools has experienced three climaxes: 1905 ~ 19 1 year, 19 15 ~ 1920,1930 ~. In the past few days, local educational administrative institutions have strengthened the management of private schools, persuading or forcing teachers to adjust the way of running schools.
Under the direct impact of the abolition of the imperial examination, Confucian classrooms were closed one after another. Time is not long, there are few Confucian classics museums in the society, and almost all the rest belong to Mongolian museums. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, Yi schools and ethnic schools were either changed to primary schools or closed. Starting a home school is a family matter, and it is not convenient for the local government to ask. Self-built library is the most common private school, and naturally it has become the main object of private school improvement. According to the incomplete statistics of the Ministry of Education, at the end of 1935, there were1kloc-0/027 private schools nationwide, of which 35,394 were improved and 65,633 were not. The improved private school, also known as the improved private school, runs between the old and the new, and is an educational institution that transits from traditional private schools to modern primary schools. 19 15 The Commercial Press has designed a set of courses to improve private schools, including self-cultivation, Chinese, arithmetic, Bible reading, gymnastics and games. Chinese and classic reading take the form of compound teaching, and other classes are closed by private school students. 1936 the education department of Hangzhou municipal government conducted a general education test on private schools in the city, and found that all schools usually pay little attention to general education. In fact, most of the improved private schools in modern times stayed at the level of running schools: all of them taught Chinese (later changed to Mandarin), and many of them gave arithmetic back; Some of them use primary school textbooks, but they have not completely given up traditional textbooks. Chinese and arithmetic need to be explained by teachers, and the improved private school has added blackboards and chalk for this purpose.
The improvement of private schools has encountered certain social resistance, but there are also some places that need to be checked: the lack of consideration for the particularity of running private schools. The improvement of private schools has little effect. Most of the private schools in rural areas are old-fashioned private schools, and there is little improvement. Whenever the improvement activities of private schools are at a low ebb and local educational administrative institutions relax their management of private schools, a number of private schools will emerge in society. In the1920s in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, many new private schools appeared. In ancient China, there was a tradition of running schools privately and advocating cultural knowledge. In the face of war, official schools were hit, and private schools took the opportunity to fill the educational vacuum caused by the destruction of official schools. This model is still applicable in modern times, which is reflected in the rebound of private schools.
On the eve of the founding of New China, * * * implemented the land reform policy in the liberated areas, and some school directors lost the ability to hire school teachers because their land was confiscated. At the same time, with the deepening of the ideological transformation of teachers, some teachers feel that they are no longer suitable for running a library for a living, so they find another career. 1949 During the summer and autumn, Yizheng County, Jiangsu Province handled private schools as follows: 1. Various departments held a screening examination for teachers, and those who passed were allowed to set up schools, while those who failed were advised to change jobs. 2. Organize teachers to learn. 3. Organize a small number of teachers to participate in the winter school seminar and winter school work, and help teachers with excellent grades to become public primary school teachers. This year, 4 1 teachers in Yizheng county jumped ship, mainly returning to their hometowns to farm. However, affected by the war, many local governments have no time to take care of the problem of rectifying private schools.
After the founding of New China, hundreds of private schools appeared in some counties. In some counties, there are few private schools left, or even completely disappeared. According to the cultural and educational policy of the common program, the Ministry of Education regards private schools as a kind of private schools and is the object of transformation. 1949 12, Vice Minister Qian Junrui instructed at the first national conference on education: "Private schools run by China people generally adopt the policy of protection, maintenance, strengthening leadership and gradual transformation." (China Education Yearbook (49-8 1)) The spirit of gradual transformation and sudden elimination is different, and private schools have not been completely abolished for the time being. 1952 In September, the Ministry of Education instructed all localities to take over private primary and secondary schools: "In order to further consolidate and develop people's education to meet the needs of future national construction, our Ministry decided to take over all private primary and secondary schools in the country from the second half of 1952 to 1954 and turn them into public schools." Subsequently, some private schools were merged into primary schools, and some closed down voluntarily. By the end of 1950s, private schools were basically extinct in society.
1964 In September, a privately-run school in Beijing was banned after being discovered by the public security organs. At that time, the organizers of private schools were characterized as "illegally running private schools and promoting feudal ethics"
After the reform and opening up, China's traditional culture began to recover. In the early 1980s, private schools quietly appeared in Pingjiang, Hunan. Zhu Zhizhong, an old school teacher, returned home to return to his old job and taught fellow villagers to read the Four Books and Five Classics. In Zhu Zhizhong, students are taught to read old books, learn poetry and practice calligraphy. Teaching varies from person to person, and they pay attention to reciting and understanding. These practices are not beyond the scope of traditional private schools. However, Zhu Zhizhong no longer punishes students, which is a step ahead of the old private schools.
In recent years, with the upsurge of "Sinology fever" and "Reading Classics fever", private schools have appeared in society. From June 5438 to October 2005 10, Zhang Zhiyi founded "Juzhai Private School" in Suzhou, deliberately pursuing classical feelings. Teachers wear Confucian robes, portraits of Confucius are hung indoors, and children bow to learn ancient etiquette. Professor Zhang Zhiyi teaches students Disciple Rules, San Zi Jing, Qian Zi Wen, Four Books, I Ching, Lao Zi, Zhuangzi and poems and songs, interspersed with lectures on ancient music, calligraphy and painting, tea ceremony, etc. Zhang Zhiyi is a lover of China studies. The purpose of "Juzhai Private School" is to carry forward the traditional culture of China, which is consistent with the spirit of traditional private schools, but the specific form is different.
The return of private schools to the educational stage has aroused widespread concern in society. People call the private schools that have appeared in society in recent years modern private schools, that is, private schools in modern society. Modern private schools came into being in the gap of primary education, trying to supplement the deficiency of primary education and make use of the society's curiosity about traditional culture. However, the old and new educational concepts span too much, and modern private schools have to bear the pressure from local educational administrative departments. All these factors restrict the development of modern private schools.