1.In 2002, China invested 900 billion yuan in education.
According to the Statistical Yearbook of Education Expenditure in China published in 2004 and the survey data of 79,300 families' education expenditure in June 2004, we have made a detailed calculation of the education investment of all universities, technical secondary schools, high schools, junior high schools, primary schools and kindergartens in China (excluding adult education, special education and other education), and concluded that the total investment in formal education in 2002 was 924.8 billion yuan.
China's total investment in education is divided into three parts: national financial allocation and social school-running funds (including associations, individuals and enterprises). ), as well as students' family education expenditure, referred to as national investment, social investment and personal investment.
(1) Personal investment accounts for 60%.
In today's society, the main body of education investment in most countries is the government, especially primary and secondary education. The average burden of residents in the world is less than 8%, but the reality in China is far from it. In 2002, the total investment in education was 924.8 billion yuan, of which the state invested 365.438+0.07 billion yuan, accounting for 33.6%; Social investment was 34.6 billion yuan, accounting for 3.7%; Personal investment was 579.5 billion yuan, accounting for 62.7%. It is worth noting that individuals at all levels are the main force of education investment.
From the total amount, the state has invested the most in primary schools, totaling11200 million yuan, accounting for 36.0%. The following order is: university accounts for 23.6%, junior high school accounts for 22.6%, senior high school accounts for 12.5%, technical secondary school accounts for 4.0%, and kindergarten accounts for 1.3%.
Investment in education has doubled in five years.
In order to solve the serious shortage of education funds, China began to change the single government investment model from 1983 and began to charge individuals, but the regulations still focused on financial allocation. Unexpectedly, due to poor management and monitoring, the names and amounts of fees have expanded rapidly, and personal education expenditure has increased substantially year after year, rapidly changing from an "auxiliary channel" to a "main channel" for education investment. The total investment in education has also increased significantly. Compared with 452.2 billion yuan in 1997, the total investment in education in 2002 more than doubled.
In terms of the three major inputs, the national input in 2002 was 2. 1 times that of 1997, with an average annual increase of 16. 1%. Social investment has only increased by 4.4% in five years, with an annual increase of 0.9%. However, the funds for running schools for "social organizations and individual citizens" are increasing sharply every year, from 700 million yuan in 1997 to 3.3 billion yuan in 2002, which is 3.9 times in five years and an average annual growth rate of 37.3%. The other two parts are mainly to reduce investment: the funds for running schools by enterprises and the funds for running schools provided by school-run industries. Personal investment only increased by 307.9 billion yuan, with an annual growth rate of 16.4%.
Because the national input and the total input are basically synchronized, the share of the national input in the total input has remained at a slightly higher level of 33%. 1997 Personal investment exceeds 60% of the total. These years, the growth rate is still faster than national investment and social investment, so the share is still increasing.
Second, the changes of different levels of investment reflect the direction of education investment.
At present, the national education funds are insufficient, and the state investment should focus on compulsory education. The normal state should be: First, ensure the demand for compulsory education, try to realize free education and reduce the proportion of state investment in non-compulsory education, especially higher education. In recent years, the policy of state investment is changing in this direction, but the allocation of funds is still unreasonable, the proportion of state investment in universities is still high, and individual investment in compulsory education is increasing rather than decreasing.
(A) University investment, state and individual guest translocation
For a long time, the state has always regarded 75% of the total investment in higher education as the standard of financial allocation, but the high fees of schools have already broken this standard. Before 2000, state investment still accounted for the majority, but from 200 1, the subject and object changed, and personal investment was mainly subject and object, reaching 50.7%, which increased to 56.7% in 2002.
Among all academic levels, the state's investment in universities is the fastest growing. In 2002, the state invested 73.3 billion yuan, an increase of 48.5 billion yuan over 1997, and an annual increase of 9.7 billion yuan, with an average annual increase of 24.2%. But compared with personal investment, it is still a drop in the bucket. With the issuance of the 1999 merger order, the public tuition in colleges and universities has come to an end, and the tuition and miscellaneous fees have risen sharply by 65.2%. Since then, with the continuous improvement of fees and the rapid increase of the number of students, personal investment has soared, increasing by 654.38+0.43 billion yuan in 2000, 26 billion yuan in 2006 and 36.6 billion yuan in 2002. In the past five years, personal investment has doubled every two years and increased fivefold in five years, with an annual growth rate as high as 4 1. 1%. The huge investment of the two main forces, the state and the individual, makes the total investment of colleges and universities increase by as much as 30.6% annually, ranking first in all academic levels.
However, the rapid growth of absolute number conceals the opposite fact: because the growth rate of the number of students is faster than that of the state and society, the state and society's investment in each student has been quietly decreasing in recent years. 1999, the per capita national investment reached the peak of 9743 yuan, and then decreased to 9324 yuan, 8268 yuan and 7622 yuan in turn in the following three years, with an average annual decrease of 7.9%. The trend of social investment is also the same, with an average decline of 9.6%. However, personal investment has been rising as always, and the average annual student cost will increase by more than 1 1,000 yuan. In 2002, the average cost per student was 1 1272 yuan, which was 47.9% higher than the national input. This trend shows that in the future, the national investment and social investment that can be enjoyed by universities will be less and less, and the gap left and the increase in total cost will be mainly borne by individuals. It is the direction and goal of national policy to gradually reduce the state's investment in non-compulsory education and increase individual investment.
(b) Technical secondary schools, a group that is gradually excluded.
Influenced by the climate of pursuing diplomas, technical secondary school has become a helpless choice, and it is quite difficult to find employment after graduation, so it is ignored by students and society. The number of middle school students also began to shrink from 1999, and decreased to 6.09 million in 2002, 700,000 less than the highest number 1998. At the same time, the state's support is gradually decreasing, and the annual increase is only several hundred million. Therefore, technical secondary school has become the lowest total investment, the lowest proportion and the slowest growth among all levels above primary school. In 2002, the per capita national investment was only 202 1 yuan. The investment in technical schools is even less. Of the 654.38+0.53 million students, only 654.38+0.3 students enjoy state investment, and the rest are personal and social investments. Social investment is decreasing at the rate of 1 1.0% every year. However, schools have the same demand for funds. Without the support of the state and society, it has to raise the students' fees substantially. In 2002, the average personal investment was 5,984 yuan, with an average annual increase of 7.2%.
(3) High school investment, with individuals accounting for 70%.
The increase of investment in high school education is second only to that of universities, but the investment of the state is much smaller, and its source of funds is more dependent on individuals.
In order to cope with the expansion of university enrollment, the number of high school students has increased rapidly at an average annual rate of 10%. In 2002, there were 2 1.95 million senior high school students (including 51.20 million vocational middle school students), an increase of 6 1.2% compared with 1.997. The national investment not only kept up with the total amount, but also increased by 7.7% per student. At the same time, the school fees are increasing at the rate of 14.7% every year. In 2002, the per capita personal investment reached 4,825 yuan, accounting for 70. 1% of the total investment, which became the main source of high school investment. It can be said that high school has become the second focus of personal education investment.
(D) junior high school investment, there has long been no "obligation" reality.
The compulsory education law stipulates that the funds for compulsory education are mainly borne by governments at all levels, especially the personnel funds and infrastructure funds, which account for 3/4 of the total, should all be borne by finance, and the public funds should also be mainly financial, and only a small amount of miscellaneous fees should be charged to students to supplement the insufficient part. But the reality is that in 2002, the average national investment of junior middle school students was 1.062 yuan, less than half of the personal investment of 2 1.47 yuan, and the word "obligation" has long existed in name only.
(5) Investment in primary schools is increasing.
The situation in primary school is slightly better than that in junior high school. In 2002, the national average investment was 92 1 yuan, with an average annual growth of 17.7%, and the personal average investment was 1 142 yuan. Although it is more than the national investment, the growth rate is relatively slow, with an annual increase of only 9.3%, which is the slowest among all academic levels. Therefore, after 1999, there was a gratifying phenomenon that the proportion of state investment increased and the proportion of individual investment decreased. In 2002, personal investment accounted for 53.7%, which was 7.2 percentage points lower than that of 1998. It takes time to reverse the pattern of inversion of investment ratio between the state and individuals.
(six) early childhood education, personal input plays a leading role.
Strictly speaking, early childhood education should not be included in the education series, and the state does not require children under the age of 6 to attend kindergartens. In fact, most rural children do not attend kindergartens, and all kindergartens in China only account for 5 1% of all school-age children. On this basis, the national investment in 2002 was only 4 1 100 million yuan. In terms of coverage, the state only invests 20% in kindergartens, and 80% of kindergarten children can't enjoy it, so the expenses borne by individuals always account for more than 90%. However, urban families regard early childhood education as a substantive education stage and are willing to spend a lot of money. On the other hand, kindergartens have to make plans for their children in order to survive, so the fees are very expensive. In 2002, the per capita personal investment reached 23 10 yuan.
Iii. Education 19 years, investment130,000 yuan.
From kindergarten to university graduation, the standard academic system is 19 years. According to the actual level of each academic level in 2002, a total investment of 1, 3055 1 yuan was needed to train children to graduate from universities, of which the state invested 45,078 yuan, accounting for 34.5%; Social investment was 5,689 yuan, accounting for 4.4%; Personal investment is 79,784 yuan, accounting for 6 1. 1%.
Among all educational levels, the most expensive is the university level, which costs 79,578 yuan in four years, accounting for 61.0% of the total investment. Followed by high school, accounting for15.8%; Primary school has the longest time, so the total investment is relatively large, and it needs 12764 yuan in six years, accounting for 9.8%.
The inclination of state investment to colleges and universities is very prominent. 19 of the total investment of 45,078 yuan, 67.6% was invested in colleges and universities. Those who fail to enter the university can only enjoy the remaining 32.4%. Social investment is basically the same as that of the state, but it is more inclined to the level of higher education, of which universities account for 70.3%.
Education investment is mainly personal investment, with a total investment of 79,784 yuan in 19, accounting for 6 1. 1% of the total investment. The cost of each academic level is: the university spends 45,089 yuan in four years, accounting for 56.5% of the total personal investment; High school accounts for18.1%; There is little difference between junior high school and primary school and kindergarten, but because primary school is a six-year program, it is the easiest stage for parents to invest the least every year.
In terms of urban and rural areas, the urban personal investment in 19 was 8706 1 yuan, of which universities accounted for 51.8%; Rural individuals contributed 750 19 yuan, of which universities accounted for 60. 1%.
It should be emphasized that this is calculated according to the input level in 2002, and the input level is increasing at a double-digit rate every year. People of different classes need different inputs. For students who are about to finish their studies, the total investment is less than the above amount; For students who have just started their studies, the total investment will be much greater than the above amount. According to the average growth rate in the past five years, personal investment will increase by 65,438+04.6% every year.
Composition geometry of educational investment
1. State input accounts for 3.2% of GDP.
In 2002, the state spent 3 107 billion yuan on formal education and 24.3 billion yuan on adult education and other education, totaling 335 billion yuan. In the same year, the GDP was 10479 1 100 million yuan, and the investment in education accounted for 3.2% of the GDP.
In the early 1990s, the State Education Commission (Ministry of Education) suggested to the State Council, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China that by the mid-1990s or 2000, China's education budget should reach the level of 4% of the GDP of developing countries. The actual implementation results are: 1995 accounts for 2. 1%, and in 2000 it accounted for 2.6%. In 2002, the investment in education should be 419.2 billion yuan, and there is still a gap of 84.2 billion yuan between the actual investment and the target, that is, only 80% of the target has been completed. According to the average growth rate of 15.9% in recent five years, we will increase investment, and GDP will increase by about 9% on average in 2003 and 2004. If we want to reach the goal of 4%, it will be later than the scheduled time 10 years.
Second, the proportion of education investment in fiscal revenue and expenditure is declining.
Since 1997, the fiscal revenue and expenditure have increased very rapidly, with an average annual growth of 16.9% and 19.0%. However, the investment in education has not increased at a uniform speed, only increasing by 15.9% every year, which makes the proportion of investment in education decrease year by year. In 2002, financial investment in education accounted for 17.7% of fiscal revenue and 15.2% of fiscal expenditure, which were 0.9 and 2.2 percentage points lower than 1997 respectively.
Third, the personal burden is getting heavier and heavier.
After 1997, the economic slowdown led to low income of residents. In 2002, the per capita disposable income of urban residents was 7,702 yuan, with an average increase of 8.3% in five years. The per capita net income of farmers is 2476 yuan, with an average annual increase of only 3.4%. However, the per capita expenditure on education in urban and rural areas increased by 13.3% and 15.3% respectively every year. The sustained and rapid growth of education expenditure has made its proportion in income and consumption expenditure rise steadily. In cities and towns, the per capita expenditure on education in 2002 was 636 yuan, accounting for 8.3% of income and 10.6% of consumption expenditure, which increased by 1.7 and 2.5 percentage points respectively compared with 1997. The per capita education expenditure in rural areas is 332 yuan, accounting for 13.4% of income and 18. 1% of consumption expenditure, which are 5.5 and 8.0 percentage points higher than 1997 respectively. In absolute terms, there are no other consumption items that can be compared with food. Only 7.5% countries in the world spend more than 10% on personal education, and China is one of them.
Please note that all the data here refer to the average level, and the educational burden of families with different income levels varies greatly. Whether in urban or rural areas, the lower the income level, the heavier the educational burden. At present, the income level of 60% families and 70% population is below average. In absolute terms, the per capita education expenditure of families below the average level is about 15% lower than the average level, but the proportion of education expenditure is about 2 percentage points higher than the average level because of the low income level; The per capita education expenditure of high-income families is more than 40% higher than the average level, but the income level is much higher, so the proportion of education expenditure is about 2 percentage points lower than the average level. From this point of view, 60% of rural families bear 20% of education consumption expenditure, which is earlier than the proportion of state investment in fiscal expenditure 15.2%.