French Revolution
2. 1792 ~ 1794 Paris-level autonomous institutions during the French Revolution. 1789 On the eve of the July Revolution, some voters in Paris formed a committee to maintain the order of the municipal government, organized a vigilante group, and appointed J.S. Beye as the mayor. After the victory of the Great Revolution, a 32-member municipal committee was established, with 1 procurator and 2 deputy procurators. The militia was renamed the national guard, with M.J.P.Y.Rde as the commander. 179 1 year, after the constitutional monarchists in Mars School shot and killed the assembly crowd, Bayi was dismissed and J. Petion became the mayor. 1792 On the eve of the people's uprising in Paris in August, representatives of 28 districts seized the power of the municipal government, which was then called the revolutionary commune. The number of commune committees increased to 288. The permanent body is an extraordinary committee, consisting of 15 members. Petion, the former mayor of Gironde Province, remained in office, but the actual * * * was the Attorney General Maniel. Commune played an important role in the election of the National Association, the execution of prisoners, the trial of Louis XVI, and the fight against foreign interference. Fully support the struggle between jacobins and gironde and become a political force coexisting with the Legislative Assembly. In 65438+February, P.-G. Chaumette was appointed as the attorney general, J.-R. Ebbell as the deputy attorney general, and J. N. Pash as the mayor. 1793 in may, Mde shangbang was elected mayor and F. Hanriot was appointed commander of the national guard. The commune played an important role in the uprising that finally overthrew gironde on June 2nd. The commune took part in the mass demonstration on 4-5 September 1793, urging the government of jacobins to implement the reign of terror. However, the commune launched a non-Christian movement, demanding the expansion of terrorist activities, which caused dissatisfaction with the National Salvation Committee. 1794 In March, the Ebel faction was suppressed for launching an uprising against the robespierre government, and the commune members were purged. Since then, the commune has been completely under the control of the National Salvation Committee. The commune was dissolved after the hot moon coup.
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Entries in the Western Authoritative Monograph "A Dictionary of Marxism"
Paris Commune
187 1 The analysis of the Paris Commune occupies a very important position in various works of Marx. For example, several declarations that constitute the French civil war (and the introduction written by Engels in 189 1); The same is true of Lenin's works, especially The State and Revolution (19 17). Kaucki's "Terrorism and Communism" (19 19) and Trotsky's preface to Taller's "Paris Commune" (192 1) all give some controversial explanations to the Paris Commune.
The Paris Commune, which lasted for two months, was not the product of any planned action, nor was it the leader of any individual or organization with a clear program. But what is important is that 1/3 of the winners are manual workers, and most of them are activists of the French branch of First International. The members of this government were elected by Paris voters in a special election arranged by the Central Committee of the Paris National Guard one week after the unexpected seizure of state power. This happened on March 18, 2008, when the French interim government hastily evacuated the capital after some of its troops and people held a party.
Marx thought, "Commune, with its prudent and moderate measures, can only be suitable for the situation of besieged cities. ..... Some special measures it has taken can only show the development direction of the people's management system realized by the people themselves "(Selected Works of Marx and Engels, vol. 2, pp. 382-383). In his letter to Domela Newenhouse (18865438+February 2200), he reiterated that the commune is only "an uprising in a city under special conditions, and most people in the commune are not socialists at all, nor can they be socialists." (Selected Works of Marx and Engels, Volume 4, page 422). Although the commune is not a socialist revolution, Marx still emphasizes that its "great social measure is its own existence" (Selected Works of Marx and Engels, Volume 2, page 382). In Marx's view, the commune should never be regarded as a dogmatic model or a plan of the future revolutionary government. Commune is "a highly flexible political form, and all the old forms of government are oppressive in nature" (Selected Works of Marx and Engels, Volume 2, page 378). Lenin insisted on Marx's viewpoint and emphasized that the commune made preliminary preparations for the "dictatorship of the proletariat" in this way; This dictatorship, as demonstrated by the Paris Commune, is a country that enables most voters (such as workers) to exercise unprecedented control over all institutions, including compulsory institutions, and is the most suitable country for building socialism and realizing labor liberation.
Since the early 1920s, Marx and Lenin's concern about the basic democratic nature of the Paris Commune has been the most important development in the study of Marxist works. In particular, it is a basic part of Marxist criticism of the strict one-party state in the Soviet Union under Stalin. (See Monty johnstone: "Commune and Marx's Concept of Proletarian Dictatorship and the Role of Political Parties", in "Bibliography". Recently, J. Blua's "Regime and State in 187 1" was published in the 79th issue of Social Movement (April-June, 1972), which made a great contribution to the Marxist study of commune history. For the main anthology of Marxist classics, please refer to Shurkinde's works (see "Bibliography" (3)). Recent debates on historical issues, including the elaboration of Marxism, are included in the works compiled by Li Si (see "Bibliography").
(ES)
Bibliography:
① J.A. Lisi: the image of the commune, English version 1978.
② J. Roggeri: 187 1 year, French version 1972.
③ Eugene Shurkinde: Paris Commune-Left Viewpoint, English version 1972.
(4) Blua, daughtry and Telson: 187 1 year commune, French version 1970.
Paris commune education
Ba Li gong she education
Paris commune education
Paris commune education
187 1 08 March 18, the workers in Paris revolted and the first Paris commune under the dictatorship of the proletariat was established in human history. After the establishment of the commune, major political measures were taken to completely liberate the working people, and the reform of national education was one of them. On March 29th, the commune set up an education committee equivalent to the level of government departments and began to reform education. The committee drafted a draft law on free popularization of secular education. On April 20th, the Board of Education was reorganized, which was chaired by the first international member, Dr. Engineer ... Sister. Because the commune existed for a short time, it was too late to issue a programmatic document to formally clarify the education policy. However, when meeting with representatives of the mass organization New Education Society, the commune committee made it clear that the commune fully agreed that schools and churches should be separated, education should be conducted according to scientific principles, and free and compulsory education should be implemented for the people in this spirit.
Church power is an important pillar of the Second Empire of France, and it is a spiritual shackle that enslaves people's hearts. At that time, French schools were controlled by the Catholic Church and were full of religious flavor. On April 2, the commune issued an order to separate politics from religion, gradually taking over the school and secularizing education. This measure was resolutely opposed by the priests. They refused to hand over the school and then left the school under the threat of force. Then, the commune eliminated the objects of religious worship in the school, and stipulated that the school should replace all religious inscriptions with slogans such as "freedom, equality, fraternity, justice and republicanism", cancel the catechism and hymn classes, and replace the pastor teachers with secular teachers. The Paris Commune strives to popularize free and compulsory education, making education a right that every child can enjoy and an obligation of parents, guardians and society, emphasizing that education should be run by the state.
The commune hopes to carry out "scientific and complete education" and "vocational education" for the next generation. A scientific and complete education is to teach the next generation what everyone needs, so that they can "give full play to all their talents, not only by working with their hands, but also by thinking with their brains". Vocational education is to let young people have a good craft to make a living and guide them to embark on the road of labor rationally. To this end, the Paris Commune called on all workers over 40 who are willing to perform arts to register with the district government. And call on teachers of modern Chinese, science, painting, history and other disciplines to help this new type of teaching and do a good job in labor education. The commune attaches great importance to the moral education of the next generation and requires them to be trained as "good citizens" who love the motherland and devote themselves heroically to the cause of the motherland. In addition, young commune members should be educated to be as loyal, brave and hate oppression as their parents.
187 1 year, the annual salary of most teachers in Paris is only 700 ~ 850 francs, and that of teacher assistants is only 400 ~ 550 francs. Female teachers are even worse, not exceeding 650 francs; The assistant only has 350 ~ 400 francs. The commune noticed that teachers' salaries were too low, and thought that they shouldered the heavy responsibility of cultivating talents and should be respected by the society. 18 in may, the board of education decided to raise teachers' salaries, stipulating that the minimum wage for teachers is 2000 francs per year and that for assistant teachers is 1500 francs. Male and female teachers receive equal pay for equal work. In addition, the commune also attaches great importance to preschool education and off-campus education. Unfortunately, due to the short existence of the commune, there is no time to reform higher education.
Although the Paris Commune only existed for 72 days, it carried out great reforms in education under the difficult conditions of the war, leaving valuable experience for future generations. K Marx once spoke highly of the education of the Paris Commune during the French Civil War (187 1).
Commune female warrior
The newspaper reported at that time:1871On May 25th, when the soldiers of the National Guard abandoned the barricade on Shuibao Street, suddenly a group of women rushed out to take their place. They held their guns tightly and shouted, "Long live the commune!" There are many young girls in the team, including a girl of 19 years old, who fought bravely in the uniform of the Marine Corps, and was later ejected through her forehead. Finally, surrounded by Versailles' troops, they all died heroically.
What is a commune?
In France, the earliest name of commune can be traced back to the middle Middle Ages. Businessmen and citizens in some cities automatically joined forces to oppose the oppression of city lords, formed autonomous groups, established the control of feudal lords, and armed themselves with self-defense forces to protect their own interests. This kind of city for self-knowledge is called "commune". Commune still recognized some rights of feudal owners, continued to pay taxes and undertake labor according to regulations, and feudal owners had to recognize the autonomy of commune.
The Internationale
After the failure of the Paris Commune, under the cover of the masses, he hid in the attic of the house of martel Kit and survived. On this sad day, he can't be calm. On May 30th, he wrote a magnificent poem-"International" that shocked the whole world with a fighting pen, and officially declared "fire" to the enemy.
1887, he died in poverty, and the people of Paris held a grand funeral for him. In the second year after his death, Bill Degeyter, a French worker composer, wrote a tune for The International with passion. Since then, it has become the favorite song of proletarians all over the world. It spread from French to Qian Shan and all over the world. The Spanish translation of The Internationale appears in 1890, the Norwegian translation in 1899, and the German, English and Italian translations of The Internationale in 190 1. Party member Coates, the Russian Bolshevik Party who translated this song, chose only one, two or six of the six lyrics. 1923, Qu Qiubai translated it from Russian into Chinese, so the Internationale sung in China was only three paragraphs.
Lenin wrote in Eugè ne poitier, an article commemorating the 25th anniversary of poitier's death: "No matter which country he came to, no matter where fate threw him, no matter how he felt that he was a foreigner, unable to speak, unaccompanied and far away from the motherland, he could find his comrades and friends through the familiar tune of The Internationale."
The Internationale is cadenced, impassioned, emotional and profound. The Internationale represents a rebellious spirit of the people at the bottom of society, a spirit of resisting oppression, tyranny and exploitation. Where there is oppression, tyranny and exploitation, there is the voice of the Internationale! Fallon portal's words, Faber Degate's music.
Get up, hungry slaves, get up, people suffering all over the world!
Full of blood is boiling, fighting for truth!
The old world is out of water, and slaves are up!
Don't say that we have nothing, we want to be masters of the world!
There has never been a savior, nor does it rely on the immortal emperor.
Creating human happiness depends on ourselves!
We should recapture the fruits of labor and let our thoughts break through the cage.
Let that stove burn red quickly, and you can succeed while the iron is hot!
Who created the human world? It's us working people.
Everything belongs to workers, how can we tolerate parasites!
I hate those poisonous snakes and beasts that eat our flesh and blood.
Once they are destroyed, the bright red sun will shine all over the world!
(Chorus)
This is the last struggle, unite until tomorrow,
Internalsonnel must be realized.
This is the last struggle, unite until tomorrow,
Internalsonnel must be realized.