Influenced by ancient Greek culture and British bourgeois education at that time, he gradually sprouted the idea of reforming the French education system and advocating sports. After graduating from college, Coubertin ignored his parents' advice, set foot in the military and legal fields, and resolutely chose the road of education and sports.
After returning to China, he has published a series of works, such as French History after 1870, Reform of Education System, Guiding Principles of Sports, Ideal of Sports Psychology, Memories of Britain and Greece, and British Pedagogy. And put forward many suggestions on reforming education and developing sports, which attracted the attention of the French people and had a certain international influence.
During the period of 1875- 188 1, with the efforts of European archaeologists, the ruins of the ancient Olympic Games in the process of destruction were continuously excavated, and the excavation results were announced soon every year. Therefore, Coubertin, like other people interested in Olympia, can listen to the announcement in time and in detail. In this regard, he put forward a very valuable excavation plan. At that time, he wrote: "The Germans have excavated the ruins of Olympia, but why can't France begin to restore its glorious ancient history?"
In order to realize his ambition, Coubertin crossed the English Channel westward to investigate the development of British sports. From 65438 to 0887, he made a report on "Comparison of Secondary Education Systems between France and Britain", spoke highly of Britain's inclusion of outdoor competitive games in education, and advocated that competitive games should also be carried out among French students, and educational reform should focus on sports. 1May 888, Coubertin pointed out that students were overworked because of heavy schoolwork: "The only solution is to let children play." At that time, Coubertin became the Secretary-General of the Preparatory Committee for Physical Education Training in French Schools. The following year, under the impetus of St. Clay, the "French Sports Federation" was established. In the same year, Coubertin represented France in the sports training conference held in Boston, USA. During the meeting, he learned about the development of world sports in detail, and deeply felt that the development of modern sports was moving towards internationalization, and a number of international individual sports federations were established one after another. For example, the International Gymnastics Federation was established in 188 1 year, and the International Rowing Federation and the International Skating Federation were established in 1892. These organizations laid the foundation for the birth of the modern Olympic Games.
In order to further investigate the development of sports in various countries, Coubertin took pains to visit some European countries. 1890, he visited Olympia, Greece, the birthplace of the Olympic movement for the first time in his life. When he saw the remains of the ancient Olympic Games, he was deeply moved, and he came up with the idea of hosting the Olympic Games in which all countries participated, so as to enhance the friendship between athletes from all countries.
This year, Coubertin was entrusted by the French government to investigate and study the sports work in universities, so he took this opportunity to send out questionnaires on the sports situation to many countries in the world. Through investigation, he found that international sports organizations are full of contradictions and chaos, and the opposition is very serious, and sports are becoming more and more commercialized. Therefore, he realized that the historical experience and traditional influence of ancient Greek sports can be used to promote international sports, and deeply felt that the modern Olympic Games should be established with the ancient Olympic spirit as soon as possible, and the competition should be guided with the spirit of "unity, friendship and peace" to eliminate all kinds of chaotic and unhealthy tendencies in the sports field. Therefore, he actively started the work of establishing the modern Olympic Games.
189 1 year, Coubertin reorganized "Julius Simon Committee" into "Sports High Council". In the same year, he also founded Sports Review magazine, and used it as a position to enthusiastically publicize his sports thoughts. At that time, Father Didong, an admirer of Coubertin, founded an academic club and put forward the slogan of "Faster, Higher and Stronger". Coubertin appreciated and agreed with this slogan very much, and later used it as the slogan of the international Olympic Games. Because it embodies the spirit of eternal upward and continuous progress of mankind.
1892165438+1On October 25th, Coubertin delivered a speech entitled "Reviving the Olympics" at the 3rd anniversary meeting of the French Sports Federation, and he formally put forward the initiative of establishing the modern Olympic Games for the first time.
In order to realize this initiative quickly, Coubertin proposed that the French Sports Federation should initiate and hold an "international sports conference" attended by representatives of important sports federations from all over the world to discuss the revival of the Olympic Games. To this end, a "Preparatory Committee" headed by Coubertin and composed of social celebrities from Britain, the United States and France was established. Later, he traveled across the ocean to Britain, the United States and other countries to further promote the concept of reviving the Olympic Games. Under his impetus, 1893 held an international sports consultation meeting in Paris to discuss the establishment of a modern Olympic Games.
After years of hard work and careful preparation by Coubertin and his colleagues, the "Restoration of the Olympic Games Congress" was successfully held in Paris from June 6 to June 24, 1994. 79 official representatives from 12 European and American countries attended the meeting. At this historic meeting, the Charter for the Restoration of the Olympic Movement was unanimously adopted, which clarified the purpose of the modern Olympic Games and stipulated that only amateur athletes were allowed to participate. In order to prepare for the modern Olympic Games, the International Olympic Committee, the permanent leading body of the Olympic Games, was formally established. Wei Ze Kailas, a famous Greek poet, was elected as the first chairman and Coubertin as the secretary-general. The meeting also decided that the first modern Olympic Games will be held in Greece in April 1896. According to the tradition of the ancient Olympic Games, it was held every four years.
1894 10, Coubertin visited Olympia again. In order to save money and facilitate transportation, he canceled the plan to hold the Olympic Games in Olympia, and decided to build a new stadium in Athens with a capacity of 5,000 spectators, and hold the first modern Olympic Games according to the ancient Greek style. The first Olympic Games was successfully held in Athens on April 5, 1996 at/kloc-0 with the support of Greek businessman George Avirov.
Coubertin called for the Olympic Games to be held all over the world and opposed Greece as the permanent venue for the Olympic Games. He believes that the glorious history of the ancient Olympic Games belongs to the Greek nation and all mankind. Only by making it widely spread in different countries and regions and becoming an international activity can the Olympic spirit be carried forward and have more vitality.
In order to defend the purity of the Olympic spirit, Coubertin published his masterpiece Ode to Sports during the 19 12 Stockholm Olympic Games. Singing sports enthusiastically expressed his Olympic ideal. To this end, he won the gold medal in the literary competition of this Olympic Games.
19 13, Coubertin carefully designed the Olympic flag for the International Olympic Committee, that is, five colored rings of blue, black, red, yellow and green were nested in the middle to form a white boundless flag. It symbolizes the unity of the five continents and the gathering of athletes from all over the world in the Olympic Games with fair and frank competition and friendly spirit.
In addition, Coubertin also opened up the field of sports psychology in sports. He has published famous books such as On Sports Psychology (19 13) and Jingji Sports Pedagogy (19 19). He also expressed his views on the classification of sports and made his own contribution to the academic research of sports.
Baron Coubertin was the president of the International Olympic Committee from 1896 to 1925. Responsible for the leadership of the organization. During his term of office, the number of IOC members increased from 14 to 40. At the same time, with his support, more than 20 international special sports federations have been established. 1924, due to his advanced age, he voluntarily resigned as president of the International Olympic Committee for 28 years, but was hired as honorary president for life.
13 years later (i.e.1September 2, 937), Baron Coubertin died of a heart attack in Lausanne at the age of 74. According to his last wish, Coubertin's body was buried in Lausanne, Switzerland, and his heart was buried in Olympia, the birthplace of the ancient Greek Olympic Games. He hopes that even though he has been buried underground, his heart can still beat with the pulse of the Olympic movement.
Olympic games
Olympic is a translated word, which originally refers to the ancestor worship activities held in Olympia in ancient Greece. The sports competition in ancestor worship activities is called "Olympia Competition". During the Renaissance, people began to call "Olympia" the "Ancient Olympic Games" when studying ancient Greek culture. Because other cultural activities such as academic discussion, poetry reading and art exhibition were held during the ancient Olympic Games, people called the whole activity including Olympia "Olympics". In order to distinguish it from modern times, it is also called "Ancient Olympic Games".
Ancient Greece was a mythical kingdom. Beautiful fairy tales and bizarre folk stories cast a mysterious color on the origin of the ancient Olympic Games.
From 776 BC to 394 AD, the ancient Olympic Games experienced 1 168 and were held 293 times. According to its origin, ups and downs, it can be roughly divided into three periods. The competition schedule, events and award ceremony of the ancient Olympic Games are unique.
Olympia is located in the hilly area 300 kilometers southwest of Athens, the Greek capital, in the west of Peloponnesian Peninsula, on the north bank of Albis River (0/6 kilometers away from Dongkou/kloc-). Since the18th century, groups of scholars have come to Olympia to inspect and look for the remains of the ancient Olympic Games.
Coubertin, a famous French educator, is the founder of the modern Olympic Movement. Born in 0863 at 65438+65438+1 in October. His outstanding achievements are mainly in student education and social competitive sports.
1May 888, Coubertin pointed out that "the only solution is to let children play games" in view of students' "excessive study". 1May, 889, the World Expo was used to hold sports meetings and student sports meetings. 1892, he called for the revival of the Olympic movement. Then1the Olympic Committee was established in June 894, and1the first Olympic Games was held in Athens in June 896. Now the Olympic Games has become a world-scale sports event, and the Olympic spirit he advocated has spread all over the world. Because of his immortal contribution to the Olympics, he is known as the "father of the Olympics".
Pierre De Coubertin, the father and founder of modern Olympics, is known as the "father of modern Olympics" and advocates the Olympic spirit all his life. 1 86365438+1October1was born in Paris, France. 1896- 1925, President of the International Olympic Committee, designer of the Olympic emblem and flag. Coubertin is not only a world-famous international sports activist, but also an accomplished educator and historian. The former residence of Le Baron Pierre Coubertin, President of the Second International Olympic Committee, is in Millville Castle in Normandy, France. There is a sign at the entrance of the castle, which says Pierre Coubertin, the father, educator and historian of the modern Olympic Games: 1863- 1937. In the Acropolis, the main venue of the first Olympic Games, he still kept his seat.
Coubertin was born in a noble family in France and held the title of Baron. He likes aristocratic sports since he was a child, such as fencing, boating, horseback riding and boxing. His father Charles de Coubertin was a famous painter.
19 13. Coubertin designed the emblem and flag for the International Olympic Committee. The national flag has a white background and no borders, with five interlocking colored rings of blue, yellow, black, green and red, symbolizing the unity of the five continents and the spirit of fair competition and friendly coexistence among athletes from all over the world in the Olympic Games. In addition, he also advocated lighting the Olympic flame and setting up the Olympic Cup. On the issue of determining the Olympic slogan, Coubertin initially thought that the slogan of "unity, friendship and peace" should be used to guide the competition. Later, a friend of his, Father Didong, put forward the slogan of "Faster, Higher and Stronger", which was appreciated by Coubertin. He believes that it embodies the great spirit of mankind's eternal upward and continuous progress, and later advocates it as the slogan of the international Olympic Games. 1925 Coubertin resigned as president of the International Olympic Committee. During his tenure (1896 to 1925), the number of IOC members increased from 14 to 40, and more than 20 international special sports federations were established successively. After leaving office, he was appointed honorary president for life of the International Olympic Committee.
Coubertin has made outstanding achievements in social competitive sports. 1892, he called for the revival of the Olympic movement. Later, he established the International Olympic Committee in June of 1894, and held the 1 Olympic Games in Athens in June of 1896, beginning his life as a sports activist. 1924 Coubertin resigned as president of the Olympic Committee for 28 years. 1September 2, 937, when this great heart stopped beating forever, the whole world was moved by it.
After briefly reviewing the history of five years, Coubertin explained the difference between the Olympic spirit and the pure competitive spirit. He believes that pure competitive spirit can only bring athletes a sense of psychological pleasure, while the Olympic spirit will bring people a sense of beauty and honor. This is the spirit that Coubertin admired in his heart. In Ode to Sports, he also enthusiastically praised sports as the embodiment of beauty, art, justice, courage, honor, fun, vitality, progress and peace.
Coubertin was an educator, and his educational thought was the core of his sports thought. In his speech, he explained "the reason for ringing the bell to reopen the Olympic era": based on the desire to reform education. He is dissatisfied with the current situation that "teenagers are often out of balance because of old and complicated teaching methods, stupid and harsh preaching and poor and superficial philosophy", and hopes to change the traditional educational methods and contents through reviving the Olympic Games, so as to promote the all-round, balanced and coordinated development of teenagers. Coubertin had studied the ruins of the ancient Olympic Games in Athens, Greece, and thought that "the ancient Greeks organized competitions not only to exercise their physique, show cheap wonders, but also to educate people". It can be said that the fundamental purpose of Coubertin's revival of the Olympic Games is to educate the youth through sports competitions. Therefore, he is determined to "combine the Anglo-Saxon sports utilitarianism with the lofty and powerful ideas handed down from ancient Greece to open up a new Olympic era".
How to turn the Olympic spirit into reality? Coubertin put forward an important idea: "the masses" participate, even the "citizens with the lowest status" should be able to "enjoy" this spirit. Coubertin's famous saying "participation is more important than victory" (also translated as "participation is more important than victory") also emphasized the essence of this Olympic thought. In another speech, he once pointed out: "Gentlemen, please remember this powerful famous saying. This argument can be extended to many fields. For life, the important thing is not victory, but struggle. The purpose of spreading these aphorisms is to create stronger human beings-thus making human beings more rigorous, prudent, brave and noble. " It can be seen that Coubertin advocated and revived the Olympic Movement with a very broad mind and the continuous self-improvement of all mankind as the starting point, and never called on people to fight simply for laurels and gold medals.
So, what is the connotation of the Olympic spirit? In paragraph 5, Coubertin made a concrete exposition. He believes that the Olympic spirit is one of the forces for human beings to absorb ancient traditions and build the future. This power is reflected in: although it is "not enough to ensure social peace", it can still promote peace; Although "the power to produce and consume material necessities cannot be distributed to human beings in a more balanced way", it can still promote fairness; Although "it is impossible to provide free opportunities for young people to receive intellectual training", it can still promote education. In his view, peace, fairness and education are a complete and democratic Olympic spirit.
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