Social standard theory and individual standard theory.
1, social standard theory
Social standard theory regards meeting social needs as the fundamental value of education.
On behalf of:
Durkheim (Durkheim is the founder of social standard theory); Natop
; Qimingna
Advocate:
(1) The purpose of education should not be based on individuals, but should be determined according to the needs of society.
(2) Individuals are only raw materials for education, and development must be subordinated to social needs.
(3) The purpose of education is to cultivate individuals into citizens who conform to social norms, socialize the educated and ensure the stability and continuity of social life.
(4) Social value is higher than personal value, and personal development depends on society.
2. Individual orientation theory
The theory of individual standard advocates that the educational purpose should be centered on individual value, and the educational purpose and activities are mainly formulated according to the spiritual needs of individual self-improvement and development.
According to this theory, firstly, people are born with a sound instinct, and the function of education is to make this instinct perfect and get the optimal development unaffected. Therefore, they deny the authority of social system, oppose the restriction of society on individuals, emphasize the supremacy of individual freedom rights, and think that the human nature cultivated according to the requirements of society will be erased. They argue that the primary purpose of education is not to seek national interests and social development, but to develop people's rationality and personality, so that people can truly become their own people. Secondly, the value of individuals is higher than the value of society. In their view, education beneficial to personal development is bound to be beneficial to social development, but education beneficial to social development is not necessarily beneficial to personal development, and the evaluation of educational value should also be based on whether it is beneficial to personal development. The value orientation of individual standard theory is mainly reflected in the educational thoughts of naturalism and humanism.
The main representatives are Rousseau, a French thinker, Pestalozzi of Switzerland, Kant of Germany, Maslow of the United States and Sartre of France.