First, the concept of students with special needs

All children and adolescents with physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic or other special educational needs, including disabled children and gifted children, street children and working children, children in remote areas or nomadic populations, children belonging to linguistic or ethnic or cultural minorities, and children from other disadvantaged or marginal areas or groups.

-United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Action plan for special needs education

Related concepts-special needs

Special needs are special educational needs and students' supportive needs for special educational conditions based on individual differences.

Special education conditions support demand. (Bilingual or Enhanced Mandarin)

Discussion:? Do individual differences inevitably lead to special education needs? (not necessarily)

Is there any individual difference between tall, thin, fat and short, and does it cause special education needs? (no)

Does the difference between 1.2 and 1.5 belong to individual differences, and does it cause special education needs? (no)

summary

Students with special needs, also known as students with special education needs, are students who need the support of special education conditions based on individual differences. (individual differences: educational; To a certain extent)

Second, the classification of students with special needs

Broadly speaking: all students with special educational needs due to individual physical and mental characteristics (extraordinary students and disabled students: (disabled students and problem students)) and social and cultural background differences (weak: language differences and regions, etc.). ).

Narrow sense: students with special educational needs due to differences in individual physical and mental characteristics. (Pay attention to disabled students)

Terminology: Obstacle-Disability

The two concepts of "disability" and "obstacle" are often substituted for each other in Chinese expressions, but they are actually different. We don't make a strict distinction here. Considering that the word obstacle is emotionally neutral, "obstacle" is generally used in the field of education.

Chinese mainland:

There are seven kinds of disabilities: visual disability, hearing disability, intellectual disability, physical disability, speech disability, mental disability and multiple disabilities.

Taiwan Province Province, China:

According to the "Special Education Law" of Taiwan Province Province, the targets of special education include people with mental and physical disabilities and gifted students (that is, gifted students or gifted students), among which mental and physical disabilities include mental retardation, visual retardation, auditory retardation, language retardation, physical weakness, serious emotional disorders, learning retardation, multiple disorders, autism, developmental retardation and other significant obstacles.

United States:

The American Personal Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEA 2004 for short) classifies students with special needs into 13 categories, and defines each category (see the table below). Most countries in the world cite the definition of "idea".

Students with special needs in this course mainly refer to? Disabled students? Focus on 10 class.

Students with special needs: students with visual impairment, hearing impairment, mental retardation, loneliness (autism), learning disabilities, attention deficit or hyperactivity disorder, emotional and behavioral disorders, communication disorders, physical disabilities and multiple disabilities.

Three. Identify students with special needs

1. concept

Identification refers to the process of identifying and diagnosing students with special educational needs through inspection, evaluation or other means according to certain principles.

2. Principles: fairness, scientificity and comprehensiveness.

3. Process

summary

The identification of students with special needs is a rigorous work, and we should adopt a serious attitude, scientific methods and appropriate tools.

Tasks of Teachers in Ordinary Schools (Cooperation)

Usually, in education and teaching, students with abnormal or suspected special needs in the class should be observed or found, preliminarily screened, reflected to schools and parents, provided with information for intervention, diagnosis and evaluation, and put forward corresponding educational suggestions. (Screening, Intervention and Diagnosis)

Fourth, the development of students with special needs

(A) atypical development of students.

Atypical development, also known as abnormal development, means that individuals do not keep growing and changing in some aspects of development stage, speed and body and mind according to the development model followed by most students, but go beyond the scope of normal development and show an "abnormal" feature. (Students with mental retardation under 70, special students 130 or above)

situation

Children with severe mental retardation: 10 years old will not add and subtract within 20 years old;

Extraordinary children: at the age of 3, you can mentally calculate the number of 1 minus 1; At the age of 4, they can perform mixed operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division; At the age of five and a half, they can understand the concepts of "positive and negative numbers" and "0" and the subtraction of negative numbers.

(B) the impact of disability on students' development

Disability affects students' development: physical development, sensory movement, cognitive ability, language communication, behavioral communication and self-care.

(c) Disability can strengthen the compensation function.

Compensation refers to the process that the body compensates through the metabolic changes, functional enhancement or structural changes of the corresponding organs and tissues when the metabolism and function of the body are impaired or the tissue structure is damaged.

Disability leads to special educational needs (changes in learning information (blindness: Braille, tapes, etc.). ), target (hierarchical pyramid target), content (orientation adjustment), time, method (tool: calculator), environment, assistive devices (communication barriers), etc. )

(pyramid target layered design)

Summary: The key to integrated education for students with special needs is to provide support services to meet their special educational needs!

Lecture 2: Overview of Integrated Education

I. The concept of inclusive education

1. educational segregation: (1) segregation between different educational systems: general education and special education.

(2) Segregation within the same education system: race, identity, gender, wealth and region. ...

2. Integrated education: received in the same system? Education for all students

Inclusive education, also known as inclusive education, is an international educational trend of thought that rose in the 1990s. It emphasizes that ordinary schools accept all students to participate in learning, opposes discrimination and exclusion caused by the isolation of the education system, and advocates that the educational needs of all children can be met and the development of students can be promoted through educational measures that adapt to different differences.

3、? The integrated education in this lesson mainly refers to the integration of special education and general education.

The integrated education in this lesson mainly refers to special education.

( 1)? Special education is the education for students with special needs, which is based on the significance of individual differences of learners and aims to meet their special educational needs and promote their all-round physical and mental development. (educational goal: education of disabled students)

The main goal of special education in China is to integrate 10 disabled students.

(2) Why is "integrated education"? Reflections on the origin of isolated placement in special education

Early isolation and resettlement model: disadvantages?

Special Education (Special School)-Segregation: Labeling and Exclusion? Discrimination? Low expectations, inequality (disadvantage)

Integrated Education: Acceptance, De-labeling, Respect and Equality

Second, the evolution of inclusive education

The integrated development of special education (three stages) returns to the mainstream? (Integration) and inclusive education

Special education integration reform movement

1. Normalization

A cultural trend of thought that originated in northern Europe in the middle of the twentieth century. The core idea is to help everyone live a normal life. People think that isolated maintenance institutions keep many disabled people away from "mainstream life" for life, so they should return to the community from isolated institutions and schools and return to normal mainstream social life. The trend of normalization directly led to the "non-institutionalized movement"

2. "Mainstreaming"

"Back to the mainstream" is a movement of integrated education reform initiated by North American countries represented by the United States after the mid-20th century. It advocates placing isolated special children in mainstream ordinary schools for education, emphasizing "the least restrictive environment" to meet the educational needs of special children and make them return to mainstream life, thus opening the prelude to the practice of special education integration.

3. "integration"

Integration is an educational reform movement in the mid-20th century, which is influenced by the normalization trend. Western European countries, represented by Britain, have reorganized and merged special schools and ordinary schools, so that special education and ordinary education can be combined, and special children can have more opportunities to enter ordinary schools and mainstream society.

4. Inclusive education

Inclusive education is an international educational trend of thought that rose in the 1990s. It emphasizes that ordinary schools accept all students to participate in learning and oppose discrimination and exclusion in education. It advocates meeting the special educational needs of all children and promoting their proper development through educational measures that adapt to different differences.

Inclusive schools mean that schools should accept all children, regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic or other conditions, so as to establish an integrated school without exclusion or discrimination.