Most of the ink-makers come from the lower classes of society, with the educational aim of "promoting the benefits of the world and eliminating the harm of the world", "the hole mat is not warm, and the ink is not sudden", especially hard training, "short brown clothes, soup from the dustpan, you will get it in the evening" and "stick to your heels, benefit the world, and do it" (Mencius). "Wearing brown fur and sandals, working day and night, taking self-suffering as the extreme", living in poverty. The writer can "go to the soup and jump the blade, never look back when he dies", which means never look back until he dies. Debate between Mohists is called "Mohist debate"; Martial arts practitioners are called "Moxia". Mohism must obey the leadership of the giant, and his discipline is strict. According to legend, "Mohist law, the murderer dies and the injured person is punished" ("Lv Chunqiu"). For example, the son of a giant's belly killed someone. Although he was forgiven by King Hui of Qin, he still insisted on the "Mohist law" of "the murderer dies".
According to Mohist regulations, Mohists who are sent to various countries as officials must implement Mohist political ideas; I'd rather resign when I can't. In addition, an official Mohist should donate his salary to the group so as to "share the wealth". Leaders should lead by example.
Mohism is a school with leaders, doctrines and organizations, and they have a strong spirit of social practice. Mohism bears hardships and stands hard work, is strict with self-discipline, and takes upholding justice and morality as its first duty. Most of the writers are knowledgeable workers.
The early Mohism had a great influence in the early Warring States period, and it was also called Yang Zhu School. Its social ethics takes universal love as the core, advocates "the two are easy to change" and opposes the social hierarchy concept emphasized by Confucianism. It puts forward "mutual love and mutual benefit" and regards Shang Xian, Shang Tong, frugality and funeral as the way to govern the country. He also opposed the annexation war at that time and put forward the idea of self-destruction. It advocates non-destiny, ambition and knowing ghosts. On the one hand, it denies the destiny, while at the same time acknowledging the existence of ghosts and gods. In the early stage, Mohism put forward a cognitive method based on experience, which advocated "seeing what you hear" and "taking the facts and naming them". Three tables are put forward as a method to test the correctness of understanding.
The late Mohism merged into two branches: one focused on the study of epistemology, logic, geometry, geometrical optics, statics and other disciplines, which was called "post-Mohism" (also known as "post-Mohism"), and the other was transformed into a ranger in Qin and Han Dynasties. The former inherited the early Mohist social ethics and made great achievements in epistemology and logic. The late Mohist school not only affirmed the role of sensory experience in cognition, but also acknowledged the role of rational thinking in cognition, which overcame the empiricism tendency of the early Mohist school. It also clearly defines the basic categories of ancient logic, such as reason, reason and class, distinguishes three concepts, such as "Da", "Class" and "Private", and studies the forms of judgment and reasoning, which occupies an important position in the history of ancient logic in China.
After the Warring States period, Mohism has declined. In the Western Han Dynasty, Mohism basically disappeared after the Western Han Dynasty, due to the policy of Emperor Wu's exclusive respect for Confucianism, the change of social mentality and the hard training, strict rules and noble thoughts that Mohism itself was not accessible to everyone.
An important school appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The book Mozi was compiled by Mozi's disciples while giving lectures. The style of writing is unpretentious and lacks literariness, but it is logical. It is good at reasoning with concrete examples, which has greatly developed the reasoning writing and played an important role in the development of later argumentative writing. The founder is a famous thinker Mozi (Mo Zhai [Emperor Yin Di]). Mo Zhai advocates universal love, mutual non-aggression and Shang Xian, which is in sharp opposition to the Confucian viewpoint.
The basic ideas of Mohism mainly include the following ten points:
Dedicate to fraternity
Complete fraternity (as opposed to Confucian kissing, it extends the way of treating relatives such as father's kindness, son's filial piety, brother's friend and brother's friendship. ) to other strangers. )
harmless
Oppose the war of aggression. The damage caused by war to the losers, the loss of life and talent, are meaningless acts of sabotage. For the winner, only a few cities and taxes have been harvested, but in general, the damage and losses are also huge, so the war is meaningless. )
Shang Xian
Regardless of rank, merit is the best move.
Shang Tong
Serve the people wholeheartedly, and promote the benefits and eliminate the disadvantages for the society. (There is a saying that "Shang Tong" means that the son of heaven is the head of a hundred officials, while the people listen to the officials and are the same. This means "Shang Tong". )
Tianzhi
Master the laws of nature. (There is a saying that the emperor replaces heaven. Inferring from the same concept, the people act according to God's will. )
Minggui
Respect the wisdom and experience of our predecessors. There is a saying that Mohism says that ghosts and gods are not superstitious, hoping to alert Chinese people to evil with the theory of ghosts and gods. )
Unnatural/violent death
Take control of your own destiny through hard work.
Le Fei
Get rid of the shackles of hierarchical rites and music, and abolish the tedious and extravagant manufacture and performance of chimes. (Ancient music is time-consuming and expensive, and the country has no production, so it is useless. )
Reduce expenditure
Economize and expand production. Oppose luxury and pleasure.
Holiday funeral
Don't waste social wealth on the dead. (Confucian burial costs money, but it takes three years. After three years, people are weak and need help to start, which affects the productivity of the country. This is a waste. )
Reasons for the failure of the Hundred Days Reform:
1. The radical changes of Emperor Guangxu and several scholars offended the whole upper class, including intellectuals, and the abolition of the imperial examination blocked the promotion of some intellectuals. Japan is steadily reforming;
2. Both the Reform Movement of 1898 and the New Deal of Empress Dowager Cixi were destroyed by foreigners, and Japan's reform was supported by foreigners.
3. Reformists rely on emperors who have no real power and lack the support of central and local officials and people. Imperialism and the feudal die-hards headed by Empress Dowager Cixi are powerful, while the reformists representing the democratic bourgeoisie are weak and unable to compete with them. In addition, the bourgeoisie is weak and divorced from the masses. The most important thing is Cixi! That damn old woman!