Chapter 1: Tolerance and Freedom
1, Hu Shi thinks there is no "absolute right". What's your opinion?
A: I agree that the universe is infinite, but people's understanding is always limited and it is impossible to be "absolute". There is no absolute truth, only relative truth. Any truth is relative to certain conditions. When conditions change, so will truth.
2. "More than 40 years ago, we started to advocate the vernacular literature movement in New Youth magazine. I sent a letter to Chen Duxiu from the United States ... after reading it, I thought it was a very arbitrary attitude. Now, more than 40 years later, I still can't forget the sentence "outshine others". I still feel that this attitude of "taking what our generation advocates as absolutely correct" is very intolerant, and it is most likely to cause ill feelings and opposition from others. "
A: What is Chen Duxiu's attitude towards vernacular Chinese? -Chen Duxiu during the May 4th Movement, on the one hand, agreed with the principle of "accommodating dissidents, discussing freely and developing academically", on the other hand, asserted that "the improvement of China literature should be based on the vernacular", "its right and wrong are very clear, and opponents have no room for discussion; We must take what we advocate as absolute things and not allow others to correct it.
How did Hu Shi know his attitude towards Chen Dutou? -Hu Shi believes that this attitude is "a very intolerant attitude, which is most likely to cause others' ill feelings and opposition."
Summarize the argument in this paragraph. -"Tolerance is the foundation of all freedom. Without tolerance, there is no freedom. "
What method of argument is used in this paragraph? -Induction.
3, "All the persecution of heresy, all the destruction of" dissidents ",all the prohibition of religious freedom, all the oppression of thought and speech, are all because they firmly believe that they are infallible. Because I am convinced that I can't be wrong and can't tolerate any ideas and beliefs different from myself.
A: What does the author think is the psychological root of intolerance? -"I am convinced that I can't be wrong."
Thus, what is the essence of intolerance? -From the political and ideological point of view, it is cultural xenophobia. From the cognitive point of view, it is the fundamental truth that people do not understand the infinity of the universe and the limitation of people.
What rhetorical devices are used here? -parallelism.
4. "In freedom of religion, freedom of thought and freedom of politics and metallurgy, we can all see that tolerance is the most rare and rare attitude. Human habits always like the same but hate the different, and they always dislike beliefs, thoughts and behaviors different from their own. This is the root of intolerance. "
A: Why does the author think that tolerance is the most difficult? -because "human habits always like similarities but dislike differences, and always dislike beliefs, thoughts and behaviors different from their own." Therefore, a tolerant attitude is the most difficult.
What argument method is used here? -Induction
What rhetorical devices are used here? -parallelism
5. "If we want others to tolerate and understand our opinions, we must first formulate a scale that can tolerate and understand others' opinions. At least, at least, we should avoid taking what we advocate as absolute. Those of us who have been trained in experimentalism do not admit that there is "absolute correctness", let alone "taking what we stand for as absolute correctness."
A: Summarize the three meanings of this passage. -A. Develop a measure of tolerance. B can't "take what we advocate as absolute. C "absolutely" does not exist.
What is the purpose of this article? Why? -Only by dispelling the concept of "absolute" can we develop a measure of tolerance.
What do you think is the fundamental way to overcome the concept of "absolute yes"? -establish the concept that the universe is infinite and people's understanding is limited, and fundamentally understand that "absolute is" does not exist.
Part two: Talking about words.
1, what is the central argument of this article? From what aspects does the author discuss this central argument?
A: The central argument is "Be cautious in literature, whether reading or writing. The author discusses this central argument from two aspects. First, consider the relationship between words and expressing thoughts and feelings; Second, whether reading or writing, the difficulty of words lies in the determination and control of meaning.
2. What demonstration method is mainly used in this paper?
A: Inductive argument is mainly used.
3. The beginning of some natural paragraphs in the text is like this: "This is a good example of extracting Chinese characters", "This is inevitable", "This is an example of making good use of associative meanings" and "The above are just a few examples". What role do these words play in the structure of the article?
A: These sentences play a connecting role in the article, which makes the writing fluent and closely related.
4, as soon as something happens, it reminds you of some cliches, and you are satisfied with cliches, using them without thinking, and being complacent. This is what modern literary psychologists call "misreading reaction". If a person's psychological habits always tend to be negative, then he has nothing to do with literature and art. Because as far as the author is concerned, "overprint reaction" and creative motivation are enemies; As far as readers are concerned, it has not aroused fresh and real interest.
A From here on, what's the harm of set-board reaction-it's not creative at all, and it can't attract fresh and real interest.
B What demonstration method is used here-deduction?
What is the central idea of this article? -Words must be innovative.
5. The meaning of direct reference is contained in the dictionary, just like a moon wheel, while the obvious and true associative meaning is the various relationships accumulated by words in the historical process. Just like the halo outside the wheel, the halo outside the halo. Its shade varies from person to person at any time and anywhere, and it is unpredictable. The more scientific vocabulary is limited to the direct meaning, the more accurate it is, while literary vocabulary must sometimes take into account the associative meaning, especially in poetry.
What's the difference between scientific writing and literary writing? Scientific writing focuses on directness, while literary writing focuses on association.
What demonstration methods are used here-comparison and analogy?
Article 3: Eat.
1, "All human creations and activities (including writing articles) not only show the enrichment of the mind, but also prove the emptiness of the stomach." Please change your view on this point.
A: Actually, this involves the relationship between matter and spirit. All human activities are nothing more than these two aspects. "If you are poor, you want to change." When you are dissatisfied with your material life, you will be urged to change, innovate and start a new life. I agree that "fasting" can "enrich the spirit".
2. Find out the figurative sentences in this article and connect them with what Qian Zhongshu said when he changed the metaphor: "The more differences, the more similarities; The more separated, the more unexpected, the more novel the metaphor, the higher the effect. " This paper analyzes the characteristics and aesthetic effects of metaphor.
A: "Eating is sometimes like getting married". This is a simile, and ontology and metaphor seem to be irrelevant. However, after Qian Zhongshu's life, he said "just like a rich girl" and "the most important thing in name is often accessories", so he went straight to the subject and made people suddenly realize that it was really novel and ingenious.
B "A good bowl of food is like a tune". This is a simile. It seems that there is no comparability between food and music, but the author has grasped the common feature that "it is also a kind of consistent pluralism, which regulates tastes and makes opposing molecules complement each other and become an inseparable synthesis". Peking Opera makes this metaphor reasonable and appropriate.
C "The whole world is like a kitchen for cooking". This is a metaphor. All walks of life in the whole society, rulers and people, although different, complement each other, just like a kitchen, mixing all kinds of dishes into delicious food. The author's social view of "harmony but difference" is expounded. Interpret profound truth in a simple and understandable way.
3. What kind of prose style does this article reflect? What does it have to do with the author's personality?
A: The article mainly adopts analogy. From eating to getting married, to art, to politics, it is all carried out through similar associations. Among them, ingenious defamiliarization metaphor is one of the most remarkable artistic features. Such as "Eating is sometimes like getting married", "A bowl of good food is like a tune" and "The whole world"
Metaphors such as "cooking kitchen" have amazing aesthetic effects. Another feature of this paper is extensive solicitation and quotation, which makes readers feel the pleasure of knowledge and wisdom. From Bellari to Confucius, from politics to economy, from music to cooking, from human life to outlook on life, the author seems to be handy, but in fact he intends to write everywhere. This is directly related to Qian Zhongshu's willful and natural character, and it is also the embodiment of his willful and unrestrained character.
4. In our opinion, a perfect personality, "consistent" and "my way" and a well-governed country should not only be as harmonious as music, but also regard the harmony of cooking as an ideal. At this point, we don't follow Confucius, but are willing to admire the forgotten Yi Yin. Yi Yin was the first philosopher chef in China. In his eyes, the whole world is like a kitchen for cooking. Lu Chunqiu's Ben Wei Pian recorded a long passage about the taste of yin and even soup, which turned the greatest ruling philosophy into a mouth-watering recipe. This concept permeates China's ancient political consciousness, so it is better to be a prime minister than "stir the pot with soup" since Shangshu Gu Ming, and Lao Tzu also said that "governing the country is like cooking a little fresh".
A: What kind of social and political ideals are advocated here-harmony without difference, harmony without difference.
B What's the main demonstration method here-analogy?
What rhetorical device is used here-metaphor?
What is a remarkable feature of the argument D-allusions.
Eating is sometimes like getting married. Nominally, the most important thing is often accessories. Eating a good meal is actually just eating vegetables, just like begging a rich woman, the purpose is not for women. This transfer of sovereignty contains a changed and not too simple outlook on life.
A: What is A's crooked outlook on life? It is a deviation between name and reality, covering up the essence with pseudonyms.
B The author thinks there are similarities between eating and getting married-eating is to hide enjoyment, and getting married is to hide wealth.
6. The world has been turned upside down, with frictions and conflicts everywhere. Only two most harmonious things are man-made: music and cooking. A bowl of good food is just like a piece of music, and it is also a kind of consistent diversity and harmonious taste, which makes opposing molecules complement each other and become an inseparable synthesis.
A: What kind of social concept is advocated here-the concept of pluralism, mutual assistance and harmony without difference.
B what is the pertinence of advocating this concept-it is chaotic, and there are frictions and conflicts everywhere.
C What kind of demonstration method is used here-analogy.
What rhetorical device is used here-metaphor.
Chapter four: My world view.
1, the author thinks that "what is the purpose of life" and "there is no need to think deeply", but he comes to the conclusion that "people live for others". How to understand this?
Answer: Because it seems simple and uncomplicated to the author, it is always because of everyone's existence, because of the efforts and labor of others. He is often unbearable because he "takes up too much work of his compatriots" and our "spiritual life and material life depend on others", so the author naturally draws a conclusion that "man lives for others".
2. The author thinks that the "objective world" is "an object that can never be reached in the field of art and scientific work", but insists on exploring the "religious feelings" of "the deepest rationality and the most splendid beauty". How to understand this?
A: The "objective world" here refers to the objective laws of art and science, which have never been explored and developed, so the author says it is "an object that can never be reached". The "religious sense" here is a figurative statement. The author devotes himself to scientific research and explores "the deepest truth and the most splendid beauty" of science, which is persistent and tenacious, just like the belief of religious believers.
3. Talk about the consistency between the style of this speech and the author's personality.
A: This speech is profound in thought, simple in speech, unique in opinion, modest in attitude, frank and natural, and full of true feelings. It is closely related to the author's profound knowledge, simple life style, modest attitude, open mind and noble personality as a great scientist, and it is the natural expression of his noble personality.
4. In the colorful performances of life, I think what is really valuable is not the political country, but the creative and emotional individual, which is the personality; Only individuals can create noble and outstanding things, while the masses themselves are always dull in thoughts and feelings.
A: What is the argumentation method used in this passage-comparison method?
What do individuals and the public mean in this article? Individuals are creative and emotional individuals, and they have personalities. The masses are always slow in thinking and feeling.
I don't believe that human beings will have that kind of freedom in the philosophical sense at all. Everyone's behavior is not only forced by the outside world, but also adapted to the inherent necessity. Schopenhauer said: "Although people can do whatever they want, they cannot do whatever they want." This motto has given me real enlightenment since my youth; When I and others face difficulties in life, it always comforts us and is a constant source of tolerance.
A: What does freedom in the philosophical sense mean here-absolute freedom achieved by human beings after fully mastering objective laws.
What does the sentence "everyone's behavior" mean? People's understanding is limited by many factors of subjective and objective laws.
C. What does patriotic Stan get from Schopenhauer's words-be tolerant of others and yourself.
What kind of concept of the universe does this paragraph D contain-the universe is infinite and people's understanding is limited.
6. The best experience we can have is the mysterious experience. It is the basic feeling of sticking to the birthplace of real art and real science. Whoever can't experience it, who has no curiosity and no sense of surprise, is a walking corpse with blurred eyes. It is this mysterious experience-although mixed with fear-that produces religion. We realize that some things we can't see, feel the deepest rationality and the most splendid beauty, and they can only approach our hearts in the most primitive form-it is this understanding and this emotion that constitute the real religious feeling.
Love; In this sense, and only in this sense, I am a person with deep religious feelings.
What does Einstein mean by mystery? The real position and basic principles of the universe, science and beauty.
B What does Einstein's religious feelings mean-awe and persistent pursuit of mystery, concentration and dedication to the deepest rationality and the most splendid beauty.
7. Truth, goodness and beauty illuminate my path. If there is no cordial feeling between like-minded people, if there is no focus on the objective world ── that is to say.
Objects that can never be reached in the field of art and scientific work, then in my opinion, life will be empty.
A: From here, what is the author's ideal in life-persistence and pursuit of truth, goodness and beauty.
B the author thinks how to make life not empty-like-minded people have cordial feelings and concentrate on exploring the mysteries of the objective world.
Chapter 5: How to avoid stupid knowledge
1, summarize the causes of stupid knowledge and the methods to avoid stupid knowledge proposed in this paper.
A: To avoid stupid knowledge, we must first find out the reasons for this stupidity. The article holds that self-righteousness and arrogance are the main reasons for this "common disease" of human beings; Because the article expounds the methods to avoid stupid views from three levels. The first level talks about scientific cognitive attitude. Observing the problems that can be solved can be tested by experience; If it can't be tested by experience, there must be sufficient evidence. The second level is to listen to different opinions. In addition to the similar meaning we often say, the author also puts forward "psychological imagination" to refute himself with "imaginary enemies" to prevent self-righteousness.
The third level illustrates the complexity and uncertainty of the objective world. Some problems "can't be solved at all" and some problems "have no obvious correct answers", so only by adopting a modest and prudent attitude can we overcome arrogance; The fundamental way to overcome arrogance is to establish the basic concept of "the universe is infinite, but people's understanding is limited"
2. How does this article illustrate its main points through examples?
A: When discussing my own views, this paper often cites specific examples to illustrate my own views. For example, when discussing the necessity of adhering to scientific cognitive methods, Aristotle mistakenly believes that men have more teeth than women; I think hedgehogs love oil worms; Ancient writers talked about Kirin and salamander, but didn't see it and so on.
3. What are the characteristics of the writing style of this article?
A: The logical level of this article is clear, the main points of writing are not annoying, and the discussion is thorough and rigorous. The author talks about a big topic about philosophical epistemology with reader Kan Kan in easy-to-understand language, especially using the second person "you" commonly used in general articles from beginning to end, and introducing the life experience of "me" as the basis of discussion, which makes the article form the expression style of face-to-face conversation between "you" and "me" and produces a kind and decent effect. There are also a large number of sentences beginning with "if" and euphemistic function words such as "maybe", "possibility" and "imagination", which reflect the author's cautious style and modest attitude, which is also the expression of his own article views.
If you get angry as soon as you hear an opinion contrary to yours, it means that you have subconsciously felt that your opinion is not completely reasonable. If someone insists that two plus two equals five, or that Iceland is at the equator, you will only feel pity instead of anger, unless you are so ignorant of mathematics and geography yourself, so his view shakes your opposite view.
What is the argument of this article? Anger in an argument is a reflection of a person's lack of knowledge.
What argument method is used here? -example method, comparison method.
C where does the intimacy of this passage come from? -one is to use the tone of my conversation with you, and the other is to use euphemistic sentences marked by "if" and "unless"
As far as I know, the way to deal with this universal problem of human conceit is to always remind ourselves that in a small corner of the vast universe, the life of a small planet is only a short episode, and there may be some creatures in other parts of the universe, which are superior to us, just as we are superior to jellyfish.
A: Summarize the general idea of this passage. The fundamental way to overcome the problem of arrogance is to establish the concept that the universe is infinite and human cognition is always limited.
B where does this passage show that people's understanding is limited by time and space? -"In the life of a small planet in a small corner of the vast universe, human beings are just a short episode".
C. where does this passage show that people's understanding will be limited by intelligence? Maybe there are some creatures in other parts of the universe that are superior to us, just as we are superior to jellyfish.
D. What argumentation methods are mainly used here? -comparative method.
Write a symbolic word of subjunctive mood. -"Maybe"