The essence of higher education is that higher education is a professional education on the basis of complete secondary education and a social activity to train senior professionals. (Note: The above is the definition of higher education in China)
The development history of higher education can be traced back to universities in the Middle Ages, and then it has experienced development, mainly because universities in Britain, Germany and the United States have been constantly transforming, forming three major functions of higher education: cultivating specialized talents; Scientific research; Serve the society.
Since the reform and opening up, China's higher education has made great progress, and the reform has made remarkable achievements. A multi-level, multi-form and multi-disciplinary socialist higher education system adapted to the needs of national economic construction and social development has initially taken shape, which has trained a large number of senior professionals for socialist modernization and played an important role in national economic construction, scientific and technological progress and social development.
regular higher education
General higher education is a professional education based on complete secondary education, and it is the main social activity to train senior professionals. Ordinary colleges and universities refer to full-time universities, independent colleges, vocational and technical colleges and junior colleges that are approved to be held in accordance with the setting standards and examination and approval procedures stipulated by the state, pass the national unified entrance examination for ordinary colleges and universities, and take ordinary high school graduates as the main training targets to implement higher education.
adult higher education
Adult higher education is an important part of higher education in China. After years of practice and exploration, the overall goal of the reform and development of adult higher education has been formed, that is, mobilizing all social forces to vigorously support and actively organize adult higher education in various forms and specifications, further enhancing and broadening the opportunities and channels for members of society to receive post-senior high school education, so that adult higher education can provide more extensive services for economic and social development. Higher-level job training and post-university continuing education are the focus of adult higher education, and academic education is an important part of adult higher education.
self-study higher education examination
Self-taught examination of higher education is referred to as self-taught examination. Self-study examination of higher education is a national examination of higher education for self-learners. It is the product of the combination of individual self-study, social assistance and national examination, and it is an important part of China's socialist higher education system. Its task is to promote a wide range of individual self-study and social assistance activities through national examinations, to promote on-the-job professional education and post-university continuing education, to cultivate and select professionals with both ability and political integrity, to improve the ideological and moral, scientific and cultural quality of the whole nation, and to meet the needs of socialist modernization.
Open education of RTVU
Open education in RTVU is a form of education relative to closed education. Its basic characteristics are: taking students and learning as the center, eliminating and breaking through the restrictions and obstacles to learners. For example, open education does not have too many restrictions on age, occupation, region, learning qualifications and so on. Anyone who has a certain cultural foundation and is interested in learning can apply for admission without taking the entrance examination. Students have certain autonomy in course selection and media use, and their learning methods, learning progress, time and place can also be decided by themselves according to their needs; Use a variety of media teaching materials and modern information technology in teaching and so on.
Distance network education
Distance online education is a new educational model. At present, there are 68 pilot online schools with enrollment qualifications approved by the Ministry of Education. Distance network education is different from traditional teaching methods. It is mainly implemented through distance education. Students click on online courseware (or CD-ROM courseware) to complete the course study, submit homework or communicate with teachers in real time by email and posting, and some concentrate on face-to-face teaching.
Teaching idea
Diversified structure
The diversification of higher education, from single structure to multiple structures, is one of the important trends of higher education reform in the world today. The development of modern economy puts forward new requirements for the reform of higher education, and the demand for talents in various countries is increasing day by day, which requires not only senior technical talents and management talents, but also a large number of intermediate technical talents. This requires higher education to establish a reasonable talent structure to meet the needs of modern economic development, reform the ivory tower structure of traditional higher education, and realize the diversification of educational structure types. This is manifested in various forms of running schools. In addition to expanding the original universities, we will vigorously develop short-term universities and junior colleges with different academic systems, so that all kinds of universities can coexist, with different training objectives and flexible teaching methods.
From the structural level of higher education in many countries in the world, the three levels of postgraduate, undergraduate and junior college are pyramid-shaped, among which short-term universities and junior colleges have been paid special attention in recent years and made great progress. For example, at present, the number of colleges or community colleges in the United States has grown to more than 1500, with 6.5 million registered students, accounting for more than 50% of the total number of American college students. It is the fastest-growing school in American higher education. German junior technical universities have also developed rapidly and become an important part of the higher education system. According to statistics, there are currently 850 junior technical universities in Germany, accounting for about half of the total number of institutions of higher learning. The number of short-term universities in Japan has increased from 270 with a population of1980.3 million to 625 with a population of1994/kloc-0.9 million. Short-term universities and colleges in various countries are famous for their clear training objectives, short academic system, low fees, strong regionality and easy employment, so they are deeply welcomed by the production departments of enterprises and the talent labor market, and promote the rapid development of their own scale and quantity.
Curriculum synthesis
The development of modern science, technology and production is characterized by integration, which is reflected in higher education. The so-called curriculum integration is to make basic education and professional education, applied research and development research penetrate and cross each other, with the aim of cultivating students to meet the needs of social development and have the skills to solve complex problems. Nowadays, the curriculum integration of higher education has attracted the attention of many countries. Due to a series of effective measures, the curriculum reform of higher education has achieved remarkable results.
In recent years, curriculum integration in the United States is mainly established in the form of government decrees. 199 1 year, the us government promulgated the plan for developing higher education and improving the quality of specialized personnel. According to the plan, "strengthening the independent working ability of specialized personnel in production and science and technology departments is the basic policy for the development of higher education in the direction of modernization." To this end, "it is required to break the original curriculum boundaries and framework, implement interdisciplinary comprehensive research, and create new comprehensive courses." For example, in engineering education, many universities in the United States pay attention to the service of engineering to society, and use engineering theory to solve the problems of modern city management and construction, environmental protection and economic development, thus establishing an unprecedented close relationship between engineering education and social science and natural science, leading to the emergence of many emerging marginal comprehensive courses. Such as environmental engineering, earthquake engineering, traffic engineering, commercial engineering, education engineering and so on. This kind of course breaks through the limitations of traditional professional fields, and its content is multidisciplinary and comprehensive.
The University of Tsukuba, Japan, has incorporated comprehensive science into its teaching plan and reorganized the course content to enhance the comprehensiveness of the course, which has attracted the attention of the international higher education community. Now, other universities in Japan have followed suit and vigorously reformed curriculum integration.
Economic teaching
The integration of scientific research, teaching and production is the product of the all-round development of higher education, science and economy in the world today. From a macro point of view, the establishment of a consortium led by higher education and closely integrated with scientific research and production will be a common mode of higher education reform and development in all countries of the world, and its emergence has its objective inevitability. The revolution of new technology and the rapid development of modern social economy reflect the guiding role of scientific theory in new technology and the promoting role of science and technology in the development of modern social economy. Universities are rich in talents and intensive in intelligence, which can best generate new knowledge and develop new technologies. Cooperation with enterprises can transform the potential productivity of universities into real productivity, which can greatly promote the establishment of emerging industries and the development of new technologies. Today, higher education must face the real social economy and serve the modern social economy, which has become the general trend of higher education reform in the world.