Xunzi (about 3 13-238) was not a thinker in the Warring States period. Name, respectfully called "Xun Qing" (once said, the Qing dynasty in the Han dynasty taboo Xuan Di, renamed). Zhao Guoren. It emphasizes the viewpoint of "mastering fate and making use of it" and "doing is more expensive than knowing". Zeng Sanwei offered a drink. After going to Chu, Chun Shen Jun was appointed as the Lanling Order. Its scholarship is Confucian school. Contrary to Mencius' theory of good nature, he believes that human nature is evil. There are thirty-two articles about Sun in the History of Han Art and Literature, among which the following six articles in the Outline may be entrusted by future generations by mistake.

Second, say:

Xunzi (about 325 BC-about 235 BC) was a famous Qing, also known as Zhao Guozhi (now Linyi County, Shanxi Province).

Xunzi's life activities, "Customs and Renyi" recorded in the biography: "When you were king, you gathered the sages of the world under Ji ... Sun Qing had a scholar who began to study at the age of fifteen." In 286 BC, the Song Dynasty was wiped out. Confucianism talks about the arrogance of King Qi Min. "All Confucian scholars are disobedient and scattered." At this moment, the alignment said, "If you stand on the position of winning, you will win on the road of winning." He pointed to today's Chu's tie in front of me, the geese threatened me behind me, and Jin Wei held it on my right ... If the national policy was planned, the three countries would inevitably take the opportunity to invade. In this way, Qi will inevitably lead to disintegration and the country is in danger of extinction. (Xunzi). Right ",the second volume, only note the title) opinion was not adopted, Sun Qing went to the state of Chu. During the reign of King Xiang of Qi (283 BC-265 BC), Xunzi returned to Qi for the second time. "Xun Qing is the best teacher. "He was promoted to drink offering three times. (historical records. Biographies of Mencius and Xun Qing) Fan Sui of Qin Dynasty (266 BC-255 BC), Xunzi went to Qin State to meet Zhao Haoqi of Qin State. Zhao Haoqi asked, "Is Confucianism bad for the people's country? "Xunzi replied:" Confucianism is the beauty of politics in this dynasty, and the beauty of vulgarity in the next place. That's what Confucianism is like. " ("The Scholars") Won Hou () asked Sun: What do you think of entering Qin? "Xunzi replied:" Form wins ","people are simple ","officials are afraid ",the scholar-officials are" public ",and the court" listens without leaving "and" governs "; And "almost no Confucianism" is "what Qin lacks" Because of the rule of law in Qin dynasty, Xunzi's thought of governing the country with Confucianism is not feasible.

Someone slandered Xunzi in Qi, so Xunzi left Qi and came to Chu. In 255 BC, he was appointed as Lan Ling Ling Ling. But some people think that Xunzi is the bane of Chu. So Xunzi resigned from Chu and came to Zhao to worship him as Shangqing. Later, someone in Chu advised Chu Xiangchun and Shen Jun to let Xunzi return to Chu. So Chun sent someone back to Xunzi and asked him to be reinstated as Lanling. In 238 BC, Chun Shen Jun was killed by Li Yuan, and Xunzi was just an official. He died a few years later.

There are more than 300 works of Xunzi circulating in Han Dynasty. After editing and sorting out by Liu Xiang, 32 books were fixed by deleting duplication.

Three said:

Xunzi, a philosopher in troubled times

Xun Kuang, namely Xunzi, was named Qing. Born in about 3 13 BC, he died in 238 BC. During the Warring States Period, Zhao (now Anze) was born. He was a master of Confucianism at the end of the Warring States Period and an outstanding materialist thought and educator in ancient China. Li Si and Han Fei are both his students. Xun Kuang has been to many places in his life. He studied in Qi State, had academic exchanges and discussions with scholars from various schools (now Linzi North, Shandong Province), and served as the director of the wine offering ceremony for the second time. Then I went to Qin and Zhao. In his later years, he served as the order of Lanling (now Lanling Town, Cangshan County, Shandong Province) of Chu State, and wrote books until his death.

Xun Kuang is a thinker of the emerging landlord class. His knowledge is profound. On the basis of inheriting early Confucianism, he absorbed the strengths of various schools and comprehensively reformed them, established his own ideological system and developed the ancient materialism tradition. There are 32 existing Xunzi, most of which are his own works, involving philosophy, logic, politics, morality and many other aspects. On the view of nature, he opposed the belief in ghosts and gods, affirmed that the laws of nature were not transferred by man's will, and put forward the idea that man could conquer nature. On the issue of human nature, he put forward the theory of "evil nature" and denied the innate moral concept. Emphasize the influence of acquired environment and education on people; In political thought, he adhered to the Confucian principle of rule by courtesy, attached importance to people's material needs, and advocated the combination of economic development and rule by courtesy. In epistemology, he admits that human thinking can reflect reality. But there is a tendency to despise sensory function. In the famous Persuasion, he concentrated on his views on learning. China people emphasize the importance of "learning" and think that only knowledge can be "without help". At the same time, it is pointed out that learning must be combined with practice, and the learning attitude should be sincere, single-minded and persistent. He attaches great importance to the position and role of teachers in teaching. He believes that a country must attach importance to teachers if it wants to prosper, and at the same time put forward strict requirements for teachers. He thinks that students can't practice unless the teacher sets an example.

The article in Xunzi has clear theme, rigorous structure, thorough reasoning and strong logic. The language is rich and colorful, good at metaphor, with many parallel sentences and his unique style, which also has a certain influence on later reasoning articles. The five short poems in Xunzi created a literary genre, namely Fu. He wrote Xiang Xiang pian in the form of folk songs at that time, and the lyrics were easy to understand. He used rap to express his political and academic thoughts, which also had a certain influence on later generations. Xun Kuang deserves to be regarded as a great thinker, outstanding writer and educator in ancient China.

Excerpted from Shanxi, a lovely hometown, Xinhua Publishing House, 1990.

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