In Chinese teaching in primary schools, the words "radical", "radical" or "radical" are often used to analyze the sum of glyphs, and the concept is often unclear in use. The radical in some teachers' mouths is the same as the radical or radical in others' mouths. In the exam question "Point out the radicals of the following words", I don't know whether to ask students to point out two components (radicals and radicals) or one component (if it is a component, I don't know whether to point out ideographic components or phonetic components, etc. ) a word.

Chinese teaching should pay attention to the accuracy of concepts and the standardization of terms, and carefully distinguish the connotation of radicals from radicals. The author's knowledge is summarized as follows:

First, the relationship and difference between radicals and radicals

The concept of radical is as follows:

Radical: in the old days, the left side of Chinese character combination was radical, and the right side was radical, which was collectively called radical, but in fact, the upper, lower, left and right sides of Chinese characters were collectively called radical.

Radical: according to the font structure of Chinese characters, the same part is used as the basis for searching words, and the same part is called radical.

"Chinese Curriculum Standard" puts forward the requirement of "mastering the basic strokes and common radicals of Chinese characters" in the teaching goal of "the first learning period". So, what is radical? What are the similarities and differences between them?

Simply put, radicals are the units that constitute the ideographic or phonological expression of combined characters. The core of radical system is radical, which has the function of font classification. Radicals are established according to the structure of Chinese characters to meet the needs of compiling dictionaries.

"radicals" are often said together, so some teachers think that "radicals" and "radicals" are actually the same thing, which is a misunderstanding. Radical and radical are two different concepts, although there are some connections.

As we all know, most Chinese characters are combined characters. The so-called combined word refers to a word composed of two or more basic units. These basic units that make up a combined word are called radicals. For example, the word "Ming" consists of "day" and "month"; "Zi" consists of "rice" and "Zi". Among them, "Sun", "Moon", "Rice" and "Zi" are all radicals. Some of the radicals in Chinese characters are themselves a word, such as "day", "month" and "zi". Some radicals are unwritten, such as "mi". When some words are used as radicals, there will be some subtle changes in the font, such as writing "person" as "qi" and "water" as "ju".

The ancients called the left and right sides of the combined Chinese characters with left and right structures "parallel", and now the components of the combined Chinese characters are collectively called parallel. For example, the word "Yu" consists of two radicals: Bian and Wu; The word "basin" consists of two radicals: "fen" and "pan bottom"; The word "Wen" consists of two radicals: the door frame and the mouth. Chinese characters are mostly pictophonetic characters, which are composed of pictophonetic characters and homophonic characters, so "radical" mainly includes pictophonetic characters and homophonic characters. It should be said that radicals are the word-forming components of compound words.

Radicals are produced to meet the needs of sorting out dictionaries and dictionaries. It refers to some identical parts of Chinese characters in structure. For example, "rivers, lakes and seas" all have "beeches"; "He, you and your friends" are all angry. "Ju" and "Gui" here are radicals. The word "radical" is often mentioned when analyzing glyphs. The first primary school Chinese book edited and published by People's Education Publishing House contains a list of radical names. So what is "radical"? Generally speaking, radicals are ideographic radicals. Radicals are also radicals, but radicals are not necessarily radicals, and radicals and radicals are the whole and part relationship. Among the radicals, the number of radicals is very small, but the commonly used radicals exceed 100, and the number of radicals listed in the above-mentioned radical name table is 99. A large number of radical capitals are phonetic components, mainly phonetic components, and there are more than 1000 commonly used. Nearly 90% of syllables are single words, such as Bian, Jia and Gu, and such syllables are called Cheng Ziyin syllables. In Chinese teaching in primary schools, those syllables with strong word-formation ability are called "basic words".

Calling the ideographic radical "radical" originated from an ancient dictionary represented by Shuo Wen Jie Zi. In ancient dictionaries, Chinese characters were classified by the method of "association according to shapes", and the words with common shapes were classified into a part, with the title of common shapes placed at the top of this part, so they were called "radicals".

Therefore, there are both connections and differences between radicals and radicals in Chinese characters. All capitals can be radicals, but radicals are not necessarily radicals. We can think like this:

(1) A part of the same Chinese character is both a radical and a radical, but it is called in different ways on different occasions.

⑵ The radicals of some Chinese characters are not radicals.

(3) There are some Chinese characters whose radicals are not radicals.

⑷ There are far more radicals in Chinese characters, and there are only about 200 radicals in Chinese characters, most of which can be used as radicals. In addition, there are nearly 600 radicals, but some of them are not commonly used. Traditionally, it is not called radicals, but Chinese character components.

Second, guide students to accurately judge the radical of a word.

How to guide students to accurately determine the radical of a word? The author believes that the following points should be noted:

First of all, in pictophonetic characters, it is generally a radical beside the shape. As we know, most Chinese characters are pictophonetic characters, which are composed of pictophonetic characters and phonetic characters, among which pictophonetic characters are mostly radicals. According to Mr. Chen Mingyuan's statistics, Xinhua Dictionary has 7235 Chinese characters with the structural form 14, of which the left and right structures account for 64.2%. The upper and lower structures account for 19.2%, and the sum of them is 83.4% (see Chen Mingyuan Language and Character Information Processing Knowledge Publishing House, page 186, 1982). Therefore, when choosing radicals, you should generally pay attention to the left, right, up and down of the words first.

⑴ The general positions of the radicals of Chinese characters are up, down, left, right and outside.

(2) If there is no radical in the general position of Chinese characters, take a fancy to sitting; If there is no middle seat, look at the upper left corner.

(3) If there are several radicals in a Chinese character, the radicals are determined in the following order: (1) If there are radicals in the upper and lower parts of the character, take them up and not take them down. ② If there are radicals on the left and right sides of a word, take the left instead of the right. (3) There are radicals inside and outside the word, taking the outside and not taking the inside. ④ If there are radicals at the bottom, upper left corner, right part and upper left corner, remove them or take the right part instead of the upper left corner. ⑤ In the same position of Chinese characters, if the radicals have multiple strokes and fewer strokes overlapping with each other, then multiple strokes are taken instead of fewer strokes. ⑥ If there are radicals in the middle seat and the upper left corner of Chinese characters, take the middle seat instead of the upper left corner. ⑦ If there are single strokes and multi-strokes in the radical of Chinese characters, multi-strokes will be used instead of single strokes.

Secondly, the indicating characters (composed of ideographic radicals and indicating strokes) mostly take ideographic radicals as the radicals. For example: root (wood), end (wood) and blade (knife).

Thirdly, the radicals can also be determined from the perspective of writing.

Fourth, pictographs are generally radicals themselves.

Fifth, if you can't distinguish the radical characters, you often take the first stroke (that is, the first stroke when writing) as the radical. It includes five word roots: horizontal, straight, left, dot and fold.

Sixth, some words with difficult radicals can have several radicals.

In addition, it should be noted that components that are not radicals generally cannot be regarded as radicals. For example, the word "Jiangxi" is not a "chapter" department, but a "legislative" department. Generally speaking, words belonging to radicals should not be classified as other radicals. For example, "hemp" is a "hemp" department, not a "wide" department.