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1. Background: Zhang Zhidong, Cecilia Cheung, Rong Qing and others put forward a systematic educational system based on their understanding of the western educational system. On the basis of Renyin academic system, they added, deleted and modified Renyin academic system, and formed the school charter. In the 29th year of Guangxu (1904 65438+ 10/3)10/26, the Qing government promulgated the Regulations on Playing Schools, also known as Guimao Academic System.
2. Present situation: Guimao school system is the first school system implemented in modern China.
3. Contents:
"Guimao Academic System" stipulates that the whole education is still in the seventh grade in three stages, and the whole academic system is as long as 25 years, which stipulates the length of schooling, admission conditions, curriculum setting and mutual connection of schools at all levels:
Primary education is 9 years (5 years in primary schools and 4 years in institutions of higher learning), secondary education is 8 years (5 years in junior high schools and 3 years in institutions of higher learning) and higher education is 8 years (3-4 years in branch schools or universities and 5 years in Confucian schools).
In a certain sense, the academic system embodies the idea of "Chinese style and western use". For example, in the school curriculum, it is stipulated that all kinds of schools at all levels should offer both Bible reading courses and a certain number of western language courses, which has promoted the spread of western natural science knowledge and social and political thoughts in China.
4. Educational Purpose: 1906 In March, according to the suggestion of the Ministry of Education, the Qing Emperor issued a decree, which formally defined "loyalty to the monarch, respect for Confucius, respect for the public, respect for martial arts and respect for reality" as the educational purpose, reflecting the spirit of "learning from China and using the West", which was the first educational purpose officially promulgated in modern China. The first two projects emphasize the maintenance of absolute monarchy and Confucian ethics, which embodies the fundamental nature of feudal education. The latter three items correspond to moral education, physical education and intellectual education respectively, but the starting point is the national standard. "Respect for the public" emphasizes national interests and civic morality. The purpose of "respecting martial arts" is Qiang Bing, and the purpose of "respecting reality" is to make the country rich and strong.
5. Attitude towards women's education: First, introduce the establishment of women's education in the academic system. After the promulgation of Guimao Academic System, one of its critical focuses is that men have the exclusive right to education, while women are completely excluded from official schools, which obviously does not conform to the world democratic trend of equal education for men and women, and therefore needs to be improved urgently.
1907 On March 8th, under the intervention and inspiration of Empress Dowager Cixi, the Ministry of Education promulgated the Constitution of Girls' Primary School and the Constitution of Girls' Normal School, which made women's education occupy a place in the academic system for the first time, thus breaking through the "female ban" of school education in China for thousands of years.
The Constitution of Girls' Primary School stipulates that girls' primary schools should be established on a single basis, and boys and girls are not allowed to go to the same school. Girls' primary schools are also divided into primary schools and advanced schools, each with a schooling period of 4 years, which is less than that of boys' primary schools 1 year. In the curriculum of girls' primary schools, the subject of "Female Red" has been added, and it is uniformly stipulated that female scholars are strictly forbidden to bind their feet. Principals and teaching in girls' primary schools must be women-oriented. The contents of the articles of association are mainly stipulated by the "gist" and "teaching time" of each course.
The promulgation of these two articles of association undoubtedly represents the great progress of China's education. However, the reduction in the number of years of study shows that women's education is still relatively despised, especially the repeated emphasis on "female virtue", such as obeying parents and husbands, not being allowed to participate in public meetings, not being allowed to go to performances, and the gown must be knee-high, which still reveals a stale atmosphere.
6. Compulsory education: Primary school is compulsory education, and the concept of compulsory education is clearly put forward for the first time, and compulsory education and compulsory education are regarded as synonymous concepts.